ati teas life & physical

prokaryotes

no nucleus

no membrane bound organelle

protein production

nucleus - instructions

Golgi apparatus - modifies and packages

ribosome - protein assembly

mitosis

produces somatic cells

start off as diploid cell 2N

crucial for growth and repair

somatic cells

body cells

mitosis results in

2 identical daughter cells

mitosis - prophase

chromosomes become visible as they condense and thicken

mitosis - metaphase

nuclear envelop gone

chromosomes align in center

mitosis - anaphase

chromatids are separated by spindle fibers

mitosis - telophase

new nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes

mitosis - cytokinesis

splits cytoplasm of cell

2 identical diploid cells

meiosis

starting cell diploid 2N

produces gametes

meiosis results in

4 daughter cells each w half the number of chromsomes

meiosis - prophase I

chromosomes condensation

homologous chromosomes pair up

crossing over occurs to cream recombinant chromosomes

meiosis - metaphase I / metaphase II

chromosomes align in middle as homologous pairs

meiosis - anaphase I / anaphase II

chromosomes separated and drawn to opp ends by spindle fibers

meiosis - telophase I

new nuclear envelopes form around chromsomes

meiosis - cytokinesis

splits cytoplasm of cell

meiosis - prophase II

chromsome condensation

meiosis - telophase II

chromosomes reach opposite ends, forming new nuclear envelopes

meiosis - cytokinesis II

split the cytoplasm of cell

results in 4 non identical cells (gametes) haploid

DNA

double helix shape

made up of phosphate, deoxyribose (sugar), nitrogenous base

nucleotide bases held together by hydrogen bonds

genes

unit of here heredity transferred from parent offspring

segmane of DNA strand

structural genes ex

eye/hair color

enzymatic actityv

defense mechanism

regulatory genes

non-coding region

gene regulation occurs

gene regulation

used to control timing, location and amount of gene expressed

chromsomes

made up of DNA

carries genetic info in form of genes

humans have 46 (half and half from ma and pa)

RNA

acts as messenger from DNA for controlling synthesis of proteins

single stranded

has ribose sugar base

a to u

c to g

mRNA

carries genetic info to make proteins

rRNA

serve as a location for protein synthesis

tRNA

adaptor molecular

decodes a mRNA into a protein

transcription

process of making an RNA copy a genes’ DNA sequence

convert DNA into a messenger strand

RNA polymerase initiates transcription of a gene into mRNA

happens in nucleus

• mRNA leaves nucleus enters cytoplasm where they associate with ribosomes it becomes rRNA

translation

tRNA responsible for bringing amino acids

matching for codons occurs

outcome is amino acid chain

mRNA serves as

template for protein synthesis

allele

variant of a gene

phenotype

observable traits

genotype

genetic make up

incomplete dominance

both genes partially expressed

codominance

both traits show up equally and independently

carbohydrates

CHO

end in -ose’

necessary for cell walls, cellular respiration (generates ATP)

monosaccharide

monomer of carbs

disaccharide

two monomers of carbs

polysaccharides

many linking together

lipids

don’t have monomer because no repeating units

hydrophobic

mendel's laws of segregation

States that gene pairs (alleles) separate during the creation of sex cells (gametes).

Each gamete gets only one allele at random from each parent.

Law of Independent Assortment

States that different genes and traits are sorted separately from one another.

The inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another

lipid function

component of cell membrane (phosololipid)

store energy for a long time

temp regulation (triglyceride)

carry electrical impulses (myelin)

act as hormones

protein

“CHON”

made up of amino acids

protein function

enzyme/antibodies/hormones

structure

genes encode for proteins

nucleic acid

made up of nucleotides

consists of phosphate, deoxyribose, nitrogenous base

pathogenic

an infectious agent capable of inducing disease

virulence

severity or harmful potentials of a pathogen

virus

size: 20-400 nM

not a cell

not alive

intracellular obligate protein

bacteria

size: 0.2-15 microns

prokaryote (types: gram pos and gram neg)

gram positive

thick wall

release exotoxins

purple

gram negative

thin wall

produce endotoxins

pink

coci shape

circles

bacilli

rod shaped

fungi

size: 2-200 microns

eukaryote

cell wall made of chitlin

reproduce sexually and asexually with spores

Protozoa

size: 1-50 microns

eukaryote

unicellular

animals

size: 3mL-10m

eukaryote

types: helminths and ectoparasites

helminths (worms)

round

flat

flukes

ectoparasites

mites

fleas

bed bugs

ticks

fomite transmission

contaminated surface

vector

an infected person passes a pathogen to a vector (typically insect) that then spreads to another

needed to spread

light microscope

bright field

dark field (contains light stop)

electron microscope

use beams of electrons to create images

types TEM and SEM

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

examines internal structures

scanning electron microscopes

detailed visualization of 3D structures of a specimen