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How did new technologies and manufacturing techniques impact the U.S. economy in the early 20th century?
They focused the economy on consumer goods, improving standards of living, increasing personal mobility, and enhancing communication systems.
What were the main goals of the Progressive Era reforms?
To address political corruption, economic instability, and social issues through increased government intervention and regulatory measures.
Who were muckrakers, and what was their role?
Investigative journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and economic inequality, influencing public opinion and policy changes.
What key legislation did Progressives support at the federal level?
Laws regulating business (Clayton Antitrust Act), expanding democracy (17th and 19th Amendments), and moral reforms (Prohibition - 18th Amendment).
How did preservationists and conservationists differ in their environmental views?
Preservationists sought to keep nature untouched, while conservationists promoted sustainable resource use, leading to the establishment of national parks.
What were major divisions among Progressives?
Disagreements over segregation, the role of experts in government, and immigration restrictions.
What was the impact of innovations in communication and technology on U.S. society?
They contributed to the rise of mass culture and intensified debates over morality, values, and national identity.
How did WWI affect freedom of speech in the U.S.?
The government imposed restrictions, leading to the Red Scare, suppression of labor activism, and limits on immigrant culture (Espionage and Sedition Acts).
What arguments did imperialists use to justify U.S. expansion?
Economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the belief that the western frontier was closed.
What arguments did anti-imperialists use against U.S. expansion?
They cited self-determination, racial concerns, and the tradition of isolationism.
What were the results of the Spanish-American War?
The U.S. acquired territories (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines), increased involvement in Asia, and suppressed the Philippine nationalist movement.
What role did the U.S. play in World War I?
Initially neutral, but entered the war in 1917, tipping the balance for the Allies.
Why did the U.S. Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles?
Concerns over the League of Nations' Article X, which could entangle the U.S. in future conflicts.
Why is William McKinley considered the first modern U.S. president?
He pursued aggressive foreign policies, expanding U.S. influence globally.
What was Theodore Roosevelt’s approach to the presidency?
He used the presidency as a 'Bully Pulpit' to push reforms and foreign policies like the 'Big Stick' policy.
What was William Howard Taft’s foreign policy strategy?
Dollar Diplomacy—using economic influence to build alliances in Latin America.
What were Woodrow Wilson’s major reforms?
Trust-busting, financial reforms (Federal Reserve), and international diplomacy (Fourteen Points, Treaty of Versailles).
What was Alfred Thayer Mahan’s influence on U.S. expansionism?
He advocated for a strong navy and the construction of the Panama Canal to project U.S. power globally.
What was the impact of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle?
Exposed unsanitary meatpacking conditions, leading to the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906).
How did Robert La Follette contribute to Progressive reforms?
As Wisconsin’s governor and senator, he fought trusts and city corruption.
What role did Gifford Pinchot play in conservation efforts?
As U.S. Forest Service director, he promoted sustainable land use policies.
Why was Eugene V. Debs significant?
Socialist leader who ran for president multiple times; jailed under the Sedition Act for opposing WWI.
What was Henry Cabot Lodge’s stance on the Treaty of Versailles?
He led the opposition, preventing U.S. membership in the League of Nations.
How did Carrie Chapman Catt contribute to women’s suffrage?
Led NAWSA and helped secure the 19th Amendment through state-by-state efforts.
What was Alice Paul’s role in the suffrage movement?
Used militant tactics to push for the 19th Amendment.
What were the main differences between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois?
Washington promoted economic self-sufficiency for Black Americans, while Du Bois advocated for higher education and activism.
What is jingoism?
Extreme nationalism that supports aggressive foreign policy.
What was the role of yellow journalism in the Spanish-American War?
Sensationalized reporting fueled public support for the war.
What did the Teller Amendment guarantee?
Cuba would gain independence after the Spanish-American War.
What did the Platt Amendment do?
Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs and established a permanent naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
What was the purpose of the Open Door Policy?
Ensured equal trading rights for all nations in China.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
Chinese nationalist uprising against foreign influence, suppressed by Western powers.
What was Roosevelt’s 'Big Stick' foreign policy?
Negotiate peacefully but maintain a strong military as backup.
What was the significance of the Panama Canal?
Allowed faster naval and commercial movement between the Atlantic and Pacific.
How did the Roosevelt Corollary expand the Monroe Doctrine?
Declared the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to prevent European interference.
What was Wilson’s 'Moral Diplomacy'?
Encouraged democratic governance in Latin America but often led to U.S. intervention.
What was the Square Deal?
Roosevelt’s policy to balance the interests of businesses, consumers, and labor.
What were the key causes of World War I?
Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.
What was the Committee on Public Information?
A propaganda agency created to support the WWI war effort.
What was Schenck v. United States (1919)?
Uphold restrictions on free speech during wartime (clear and present danger doctrine).
What was the Great Migration?
The movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for better opportunities.
What were Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
A peace plan that proposed self-determination, free trade, and the League of Nations.
Why did race riots occur between 1917-1919?
Rising racial tensions, economic competition, and resentment of Black migration to Northern cities.
How did postwar strikes affect labor movements?
Brutal suppression weakened labor power and erased many Progressive-era gains.
What are Initiative, Referendum, and Recall?
Political reforms aimed at increasing direct democracy.
What was the Hepburn Act (1906)?
Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroads.
What did the Mann-Elkins Act (1910) accomplish?
Extended ICC authority to regulate telephone and telegraph rates.
What was significant about the Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)?
Roosevelt intervened as a neutral arbitrator.
What was the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)?
A tragedy that led to improved factory safety regulations.
What was the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)?
A radical labor union advocating for worker control.
What was the Zimmermann Telegram (1917)?
A German proposal to Mexico that pushed the U.S. toward war.
What did the Selective Service Act (1917) establish?
It established the draft for military service.
What was the role of the War Industries Board?
Controlled war-time production and resources during WWI.
What were women's roles during WWI?
Women worked in factories, leading to an increased push for suffrage.
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
A flourishing of Black culture in the 1920s.
What was the rise of the KKK in the 1920s?
An organization that targeted immigrants, Catholics, and African Americans.
What was Prohibition (18th Amendment & Volstead Act)?
A nationwide ban on alcohol that led to a rise in organized crime.
What was the Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)?
A meeting that limited naval armaments among major powers.
What was the Dawes Plan (1924)?
A plan that helped restructure German reparations payments.
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