Polyploidy-and-interspecific-hybridization-partners-for-adaptation-speciation-and-evolution-in-plants

Whole-genome duplication that is present in almost all lineages of higher plants, with multiple rounds of polyploidy occurring in most extant species.

Polyploidy

The breeding or crossing of individuals from different species to create hybrids.

Interspecific hybridization

The process by which organisms adjust to their environment in order to increase their chances of survival and reproduction.

Adaptation

The change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

Evolution

The complete set of genetic material present in an organism.

Genomes

DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome, often leading to genetic variation.

Transposable elements

The presence of multiple copies of the same gene or genetic material within an organism's genome.

Genetic redundancy

The alteration in the order, orientation, or number of genes on a chromosome.

Chromosomal rearrangement

The process of generating new species or forms of life.

Diversification

A type of polyploidy where the entire genome of an organism is duplicated.

Whole-genome duplication (WGD)

A group of non-vascular plants that includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Bryophytes

Flowering plants, which make up the largest group of land plants.

Angiosperms

The process by which new species arise from existing species.

Speciation

The change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

Evolution

Plants that have been intentionally grown and maintained by humans for various purposes.

Cultivated plants

The level at which the characteristics and dynamics of a population are studied.

Population scale

The evolutionary relationships between organisms, often represented in the form of a tree diagram.

Phylogenies

Organisms that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

Polyploids

The process by which new species arise through hybridization and subsequent polyploidization.

Reticulate evolution

Polyploid organisms that have recently formed and are not yet recognized as distinct species.

Neopolyploids

Polyploidy resulting from the combination of chromosomes from different species.

Allopolyploidy

The mechanisms and strategies by which organisms reproduce.

Reproductive systems

The process by which flowering plants have evolved into a wide variety of species.

Angiosperm diversification

The geographical distribution of organisms and how it influences their evolution and adaptation.

Biogeographical context

DNA sequences that can move or "transpose" within a genome, often causing genetic changes.

Transposable elements (TEs)

Changes in gene expression and cellular phenotype that are not caused by alterations in the DNA sequence itself.

Epigenetic consequences

The ability of an organism to adapt and change its phenotype in response to environmental conditions.

Plasticity

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms based on DNA sequences.

Phylogenetic analysis

The collection of all known fossils, which provides evidence of past life on Earth.

Fossil record

A condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

Polyploidy

The breeding of individuals from different species to produce offspring with a combination of traits from both parent species.

Interspecific hybridization

Groups of organisms that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Monophyletic groups

The routes or trajectories that species take over time as they evolve and adapt to their environments.

Evolutionary pathways

The range of genetic differences that exist within a population or species.

Genetic variability

The condition in which two populations of organisms can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Reproductive isolation

The development of a system of vessels for transporting fluids, such as water and nutrients, within an organism.

Vascularization

Structures produced by plants that contain an embryo and a food source, allowing for the dispersal and germination of new plants.

Seeds

The reproductive structures of angiosperms (flowering plants) that produce pollen and attract pollinators for fertilization.

Flowers

The ability of plants to convert sunlight into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

Photosynthetic efficiencies

The ability of plants to efficiently use carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis.

Caron- and water-use capacities

The number of chromosomes present in the cells of an organism.

Chromosome numbers

The number of complete sets of chromosomes in an organism.

Ploidy levels

Techniques used to visualize and analyze chromosomes during cell division.

Cytological metaphase preparations

A method for measuring the DNA content of cells by passing them through a laser beam and detecting the fluorescence emitted.

Flow cytometry

A technique for measuring the amount of DNA in a cell by staining it with a specific dye and measuring the absorbance of light.

Feulgen densitometry

A technique used to detect and locate specific DNA sequences within cells or tissues.

In situ hybridization

The duplication of one genome within a single species, resulting in multiple sets of homologous chromosomes.

Autopolyploidy

The merger of two or more divergent genomes in a single nucleus following interspecific hybridization, resulting in multiple sets of homoeologous chromosomes.

Allopolyploidy

The process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome.

Whole-genome sequencing

The study of the similarities and differences in the genomes of different organisms to understand their evolutionary relationships.

Comparative genomics

Newly formed polyploid individuals or populations.

Neopolyploids

The rate at which new species are formed through the process of speciation.

Speciation rates

Organisms that have more than two sets of chromosomes.

Polyploids

The variety of genetic material within a population or species.

Genetic diversity

The process by which beneficial traits are favored and increase in frequency in a population over time.

Positive selection

The emergence of new or unique physical characteristics or traits.

Phenotypic novelty

The ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its environment.

Adaptability

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

Fitness

The alteration in the order or structure of chromosomes.

Chromosome rearrangement

The movement or activation of transposable elements within the genome.

TE mobilization

The evolutionary lineage that includes plants with chlorophyll and the ability to photosynthesize.

Green plant lineage

Major changes or shifts in the characteristics or traits of a species over time.

Evolutionary transitions

The diversification of a species into multiple ecological niches or habitats.

Adaptive radiation

The role of polyploidy in the formation of new species through adaptation to different environments.

Polyploidy in adaptive speciation

A major extinction event that occurred approximately 66 million years ago, resulting in the extinction of many plant and animal species.

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction event

The process by which wild plants are cultivated and selectively bred by humans for desirable traits.

Plant domestication

A series of related organisms with varying numbers of chromosome sets.

Polyploid series

Offspring resulting from the crossbreeding of two different species or varieties.

Hybrids

The process of selecting and breeding plants with specific traits for human cultivation.

Intensive selection

Polyploid organisms that result from the hybridization of two different species.

Allopolyploids

The increased fitness or superiority of hybrid offspring compared to their parents.

Hybrid vigor

Polyploid organisms that are artificially created through the use of chemicals or other methods.

Induced polyploids

The ability of polyploidy to protect against the negative effects of mutations or genetic variations.

Genetic buffering

The size of the fruit produced by a plant.

Fruit size

The size of the seeds produced by a plant.

Seed size

The process of selecting and breeding plants for desirable traits in agriculture.

Crop breeding

The impact of polyploidy on the growth and development of an organism.

Developmental effects

The process of doubling the entire set of chromosomes in an organism.

Genome duplication

The capacity of an organism to adjust and thrive in its environment.

Adaptation abilities

The evolutionary process involving the exchange of genetic material between different species or lineages.

Reticulate evolution

A type of polyploidy where an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes derived from the same species.

Autopolyploidy

A type of polyploidy where an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species.

Allopolyploidy

The breeding or crossing between different species.

Interspecific hybridization

Evolutionary processes that involve the exchange of genetic material between different species or lineages.

Reticulate evolution

The process by which information from a gene is used to create a functional product, such as a protein.

Gene expression

Observable changes in the physical characteristics or traits of an organism.

Phenotypic changes

The condition in which two populations of organisms cannot interbreed or produce fertile offspring.

Reproductive isolation

Whole genome duplication, a process where an organism's entire genome is duplicated.

WGD

The transfer of genetic material from one species or population into another through hybridization and subsequent backcrossing.

Introgression

The variety of genetic information within a population or species.

Genetic diversity

Different combinations of alleles (alternative forms of a gene) that an organism possesses.

Allele combinations

The study of chromosomes and their structure using molecular techniques.

Molecular cytogenetics

The process of forming an allopolyploid organism through hybridization and genome duplication.

Allopolyploidization

The presence of two different alleles at a particular genetic locus in a population.

Fixed heterozygosity

A group of non-vascular plants that includes mosses.

Bryophyte

A polyploid organism that has three sets of chromosomes derived from three different ancestral species.

Allo-allo-triploid

A type of genetic marker that consists of short, repeated DNA sequences.

Simple sequence repeat (SSR)

Referring to the combined regions of the Southern Hemisphere (Antarctica) and the Northern Hemisphere (Arctic).

Holantarctic

A polyploid organism that is formed through hybridization and genome duplication in the first or early generations.

Neopolyploid

Difficulties in classifying and categorizing organisms due to their complex relationships and variations in ploidy.

Taxonomic problems