APUSH summer work

study guide

Southwest (1491-1607)

hohokam, anasazi - lived in caves, under cliffs and in multi story buildings

Great Basin/Great Plains (1491-1607)

nomadic tribes, hunting buffalo, lived in lodges and teepees

Northeast/Mississippi River Valley/Atlantic Seaboard (1491-1607)

Woodland American Indians, fishing hunting agriculture, timber bark lodges

What was the historical context for European exploration of the Americas?

Ranged from viking voyages to colombuses journeys, starting with the rennesance era. Tech advances like sailing compasses and printing presses. catholic victories in Spain caused divide as well as protestant revolt. expanded trade.

which territory did the Spanish claim?

spain and portugal first claimed the americas in 1493. all territory west of the line of demarcation.

which territory was claimed by the English and dutch?

claimed American territory by voyages of John Cabot. Roanoke Island.

which territory was claimed by the French?

claimed American territories through explorer Giovanni da verrazzano. North Eastern coasts.

Encomienda System

Spains king granted natives who lived on a tract of land to individual Spaniards forcing them to do farm work or work on mines.

enslaved African labor

on sugar plantations on the islands of the African coast, portugeuse showed the profits of slavery.

Spanish policy

overwhelmingly subjugated natives —> enslaved them however spanish scholars often debated the treatment

english policy

didnt settle in largely native populated areas, initially coexisted but warfare was started eventually

french policy

viewed natives as potential military and economical allies

spanish colonies (1607-1754)

developed slowly in the Americas due to limited mineral resources and strong opposition from American Indians.

french colonies (1607-1754)

mainly came as Christian missionaries or for economic reasons. many married natives and grew trade.

dutch colonies (1607-1754)

controlled new Amsterdam region for economic trade, built a network with natives, settled alone near coasts.

virginia house of burgesses

first representative assembly in america

mayflower compact

document signed aboard the mayflower seen as an early form of self government

navigation acts

trade could only be carried on English ships, all imported goods had to be through England ports. specific goods could be exported to England only. —> aided New England shipbuilding, limited colonial economical development.

salutary neglect

policy to relax British enforcement of parliamentary laws in the American colonies

metacoms war (king Phillips war)

english settlers encroached on American Indian land. angering king Philip resulting in the war, (1675-1676) villages burned, thousands killed. colonial forces won killing metacom.

bacons rebellion

nathaniel bacon a poor farmer raised a volunteer army and raided natives because he resented attempts to remain peaceful with natives.

why slaves? (not indentured servants)

increases wages in England, reduced immigration to colonies, dependable work force- completely under owners control, low cost to grow large amounts of cash crops.

New England (description)

substinence farming, farm work done by families—> occasionally hired help. ship building, fishing, trade, logging, rum distilling.

middle colonies (description)

wheat/corn crops, identured servants, iron making, trading, large farms

chesapeake colonies (description)

tobacco products, timber, naval stores, rice and indigo, mostly small family farms

southern colonies (description)

varied agriculture, relied on slave labor, large plantations

great awakening

a dramatic religious change in the 1730/40s. Sinners confessed guilt, emotionalism became more common, stricter separation of state and church, changed how people viewed authority, awakened political opinion, challenged monarchies.

The Seven Years War (1754-1800)

French provoked war with forts in ohio river valley, previous beef from first 3 wars, fighting for colonial dominance in the Americas. gave great Britain unchallenged supremacy among Europeans in north america.

british actions after 7 years war

britain chose to have a large military presence guarding american frontiers. abandoned salutary neglect and took on forceful policies of control

colonist response to British actions post 7 years

tensions grew, taxation without representation, debated amount of control.

Articles of confederation

strengths- gave u.s. claim of independence, established policies for surveying land. gave dedicated 36 sq miles of land for education in each “town”, set rules for creating new states.

weaknesses- troubled foreign relations with european powers, economic taxing problems, colonies rivaled for economical advantages, shays rebellions.

federalist papers

series of 85 essays drafted by hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. argued for major provisions of the constitution.

debate over bill of rights

debates of lack of individual rights in the constitution—> trying to escape britain’s tyrannical rule and ways.

hamiltons financial plan

pay off national debt- have fed govt assume states war debt, protect young nations new industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods, create a national bank

XYZ affair

French ministers requested bribes as a basis for entering negotiations with Americas peace agreements

Alien & Sedition acts

anger at France caused federalists to pass acts increasing years required to qualify for u.s. citizenship—> also allowed deportation

virginia & Kentucky resolutions

argued that these acts violated rights guaranteed by the 1st amendment, written by Jefferson and Madison.