Cell Division and the Cell Cycle

These flashcards encompass key concepts related to cell division and the cell cycle, providing a review of processes, definitions, and regulatory mechanisms.

What is the process called by which prokaryotic cells divide?

Binary fission.

What are the three main steps of binary fission in prokaryotes?

1. Chromosome replication begins and one copy moves to the other end of the cell. 2. Replication continues and the cell elongates. 3. Replication finishes and the plasma membrane pinches inward, resulting in two daughter cells.

What is the function of chromatin in eukaryotic cells?

Chromatin consists of DNA plus proteins and is a less condensed form of DNA.

What is the definition of a eukaryotic chromosome?

A condensed structure of chromatin; formed during cell division.

How many sets of chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

Two sets (2n), totaling 46 chromosomes.

What is a karyotype?

A visual representation of the complete set of chromosomes in a cell.

What distinguishes homologous chromosomes?

They are similar but not identical, with the same genes in the same order but potentially different alleles.

What occurs to sister chromatids during mitosis after they are separated?

They are considered individual chromosomes.

What two processes comprise eukaryotic cell division?

Mitosis and cytokinesis.

What phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and the copying of chromosomes?

Interphase.

Name the five phases of mitosis.

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

What happens during the anaphase stage of mitosis?

Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

How does cytokinesis occur in animal cells?

By a process known as cleavage, where a cleavage furrow forms.

What is the role of centrosomes in mitosis?

Centrosomes organize microtubules that segregate chromosomes.

What is the significance of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

They regulate the timing and progression of the cell cycle, ensuring proper cell division.

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells in relation to the cell cycle?

Cancer cells do not follow the normal regulatory signals and can divide without growth factors.