Life Science Test 4

What is the contribution of Watson and Crick to science?

they discovered the structure of DNA

How is DNA structured?

double helix and double stranded

transcription

using gene (DNA) and using it to make RNA

translation

using RNA to make the protein

types of protein synthesis

translation and transcription

metastasis

when caner cells spread to other parts of the body

what are some treatments for cancer?

radiation, chemotherapy, surgery

radiation

shrinks the tumor

chemotherapy

drug that kills the cancer/tumor

microevolution

refers to small scale changes within a species that allow for survival

macroevolution

refers to large scale changes where one kingdom turns into another kingdom

general characteristics of bacteria

-prokaryotic

-unicellular

-decomposers

decomposer

living organisms that feed on dead organisms and cause decomposition

what does prokaryotic mean?

DNA not in nucleus

kingdom eubacteria

found everywhere; some pathogenic

kingdom archaebacteria

live in unusual/extreme environments; halophiles/thermophiles

halophiles

high salinity areas (ocean)

thermophiles

hot springs (live in extreme heat)

Lyme disease

caused by bacteria

tetanus

caused by bacteria

benefits of bacteria

-can make vitamin K in your intestines

-good types found in yogurt

Pasteur (scientist)

responsible for pasteurization process

pasteurization

heating to kill microbes

Salk (scientist)

discovered polio vaccine

Fleming (scientist)

discovered pennicillians (first antibiotic)

antibiotics

drugs that kill bacteria

viruses

disease causing organisms that must reproduce inside a cell

warts

caused by viruses

shingles

caused by the same virus that caused chicken pox

flu

caused by virus

Characteristics of Kingdom Protista

-all eukaryotic

-both unicellular and multicellular

-called kingdom at a crossroad

why is kingdom Protista called “kingdom at a crossroad”?

because some are plant-like, animal-like, and fungi-like

euglena

found in freshwater; capable of photosynthesis, move by a flagellum

red algae

can grow in really deep waters (pigments that trap sunlight)

brown algae

includes kelps; produces align

what is align?

used as a thickening agent in foods

green algae

commonly called “pond scum”

Examples of green algae

Spirogyra and Volvox

amoeba

move by pseudopod; can be found in fresh or salt water, can be pathogenic/disease causing to humans

paramecium

move by cilia; found in aquatic enviroments

trypanosoma

causes African sleeping sickness; transmitted by a fly and damages a persons nervous system

plasmodium vivax

causes malaria and is transmitted by a bite of a female mosquito

characteristics of kingdom fungi

-heterotrophs

-multicellular

-eukaryotic

-some pathogenic

-some decomposers

what does eukaryotic mean?

DNA in the nucleus

hyphae

structure all fungi have; important for feeding and reproduction structure

Rhizopus

black bread mold; fungi

penicillium, yeast, mushrooms, mildew

all fungi

ringworm

fungal infection

vertebrates

animals that have a backbone

invertebrates

animals that don’t have a backbone

bilateral symmetry

equal split down the middle; right and left sides the same

radial symmetry

animal has parts radiating form a central axis like spokes on a wheel

a-symmetry

no symmetry

acoelomate

animal has no body cavity

coelomate

animal has a body cavity

endoskeleton

animal has an internal skeleton

exoskeleton

animals has a external skeleton

what phylum contains all the animals that have backbones (vertebrates)?

phylum chordata

population

group of one kind of organism

what is population size decreased by?

deaths and emigration

what is population size increased by?

births and immigration

community

all the populations that live together in a habitat

niche

role that the organism has/plays in the community

habitat

type of place where individuals of a species typically live

predation (predator/prey)

only the predator benefits

parasitism

when the parasite get nutrients from their host and lives on/in their bodies

who benefits from parasitism relationship?

parasite benefits at the host expense

commensalism

relationship where one organism benefits and the other one is not benefiting or being harmed

Symbiosis (mutualism)

both species are benefiting from the interaction

what kind of relationship is symbiosis (mutualism)?

symbiotic relationship

mycorrhiza

relationship between a fungus and a tree

what kind of relationship is mycorrhiza?

symbiotic relationship

what is the tree and fungus getting from mycorrhiza?

fungus is getting sugar from the tree and the tree is getting minerals from the fungus

competition

relationship where 2 species compete for a limited resource and 1 wins out

ecology

study of organism interactions with their environment

ecosystem

all the living and non-living components of an area

biotic potenital

the highest possible rate of increase for a given population

abiotic potenital

non-living factors in the ecosystem

biotic components

living factors in the ecosystem

autotrophs

make their own food

heterotrophs

do not make their own food

food web

interconnection of various food chains

ectotherm

animal that must get heat from the sun/outside of its body

another name for ectotherm

cold blooded

endotherm

animals that generate their own heat from internal metabolism

another word for endotherm

warm blooded

unique features of phylum Porifera

asymmetry and spicules

what are spicules?

glass like structures that protect the sponge; structure of phylum Porifera

unique features of phylum cnidaria

nematocyst

what is nematocyst?

release of a chart/toxin for protection; phylum cnidaria

unique features of phylum platyhelinthes

bilateral, acoelomate worms, many are hermaphrodites

what are hermaphrodites?

things both male and female sex organs; phylum platyhelinthes

unique features of phylum nematoda

round worms and found everywhere

unique features of phylum Mollusca

bilateral, has foot for moving, shell, radula

what is a radula?

tooth like structure used to shred food; phylum mollusca

unique features of phylum annelida

segmented and coelomate worms

unique features of phylum arthropoda

greatest # of species, exoskeleton, jointed appendages, body segments, metamorphosis

what is metamorphosis?

life cycle change

unique features of phylum echinodermata

all marine (in water) and all radial body plan

examples of phylum Porifiea

sponge