Ana Chem UNIT 1: 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Analytical chemistry

is a measurement science

consisting of a set of powerful ideas and methods

that are useful in all fields of science, engineering,

and medicine.

Analytical chemistry

It is “the science of inventing and applying the

concepts, principles, and...strategies for

measuring the characteristics of chemical

systems.

Analytical chemistry

It is a measurement science consisting of a set

of powerful ideas and methods that are useful

in all fields of science, engineering, and

medicine.

Analytical chemistry

It often is described as the area of chemistry

responsible for characterizing the composition

of matter, both qualitatively and

quantitatively.

Analytical chemistry

It is a science of measurements

Qualitative analysis

establishes the chemical

identity of the species in the sample.

Qualitative analysis

identifying what is present in the

sample. This includes identifying the products of

chemical reactions.

Quantitative analysis

determines the relative

amounts of these species, or analytes, in

numerical terms.

Characterization Analyses

Methods for characterizing physical and

chemical properties.

Determination of chemical structure

Determination of equilibrium constant, of

particle size and of surface structure.

Fundamental Analysis

It is important in improve our understanding

that supports an analytical method and to

understand better an analytical method’s

limitations.

It tells us how does this method work and

How can it be improved?

central science

Chemistry is often called the ________________

APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

• Analytical chemistry has applications including

forensics, bioanalysis, clinical analysis,

environmental analysis and material analysis

• To determine complexity of matter

• To determine the composition of species

July 4, 1997

On ____________, the Pathfinder spacecraft

delivered the Sojourner rover to the Martian

surface.

Pathfinder spacecraft

On July 4, 1997, the __________________

delivered the Sojourner rover to the Martian

surface.

Sojourner rover

On July 4, 1997, the Pathfinder spacecraft

delivered the ________________to the Martian

surface.

January 2004

In____________, the Mars rovers Spirit and

Opportunity arrived on Mars for a 3-month

mission.

Spirit and Opportunity

In January 2004, the Mars rovers _______ and_________ arrived on Mars for a 3-month

mission.

2010

Spirit continued to explore and

transmit data until ______

March 2012

Opportunity continues to travel the

surface of Mars and, by ___________, had

covered more than 21 miles exploring and

transmitting images of craters, small hills, and

other features.

21 miles

Opportunity continues to travel the

surface of Mars and, by March, 2012, had

covered more than _________ exploring and

transmitting images of craters, small hills, and

other features.

2011

In late ______, the Mars Science Laboratory

aboard the rover Curiosity. It arrived on August

6, 2012 with a host of analytical instruments on

board.

August 6, 2012

In late 2011, the Mars Science Laboratory

aboard the rover Curiosity. It arrived on ______________ with a host of analytical instruments on

board.

1. To determine self-life of compound

2. To determine adulterants:

3. Drug dissolution studies

IMPORTANCE OF ANA. CHEM IN PHARMACY

IMPORTANCE OF ANA. CHEM IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

Sample test like Serum Cholesterol, Urine Ketones,

blood glucose Level rely on Analytical Chemistry.

1. Classical Method

2. Modern Method

There are 2 Types of Quantitative Analytical

Chemistry Methods

Classical Method

Wet chemical methods such as

precipitation, extraction, distillation,

boiling or melting points, gravimetric or

titrimetric measurements

Classical Method

are based on

fundamental chemical principles and

often involve manual techniques. These

methods typically rely on chemical

reactions, precipitation, gravimetric

analysis, or simple physical properties for

analysis.

Classical Method

is achieved by

measurement of weight or volume.

Classical Method

These techniques (traditional) also tend

to form the backbone of most

undergraduate analytical chemistry

educational labs

Separations

precipitation, extraction,

distillation

Qualitative

boiling points, melting points,

refractive index, color, odor, solubilities

Quantitative

titrations, gravimetric

analysis

modern methods

incorporate advanced

instrumentation and techniques, often

based on principles of physics and

advanced mathematics. They utilize

technologies such as spectroscopy,

chromatography, and mass

spectrometry, which offer higher

sensitivity and specificity compared to

classical methods.

Modern Method

Also called Instrumental Methods where

analytical measurements (conductivity,

electrode potential, light absorption or

emission, mass-to-charge ratio,

fluorescence etc.) are made using

instrumentation.

separations

chromatography,

electrophoresis, etc.

Qualitative or Quantitative

spectroscopy,

electrochemical methods, mass

spectrometry, NMR, radiochemical

methods, etc.

1. Gravimetric Method

2. Volumetric Analysis Method or Titration

3. Solvent Extraction Method

4. Tachometric Method

5. Precipitation

6. Extraction

7. Distillation

CLASSICAL METHODS

Gravimetric Method

This method relies on the principle that the

mass of a substance can be determined

accurately and precisely.

Gravimetric Method

We determine the mass of the analyte or

some compound chemically related to it.

The mass of an ion in a pure compound and

can be determined

Volumetric Analysis Method or Titration

We measure the volume of a solution

containing sufficient reagent to react

completely with the analyte.

Volumetric Analysis Method or Titration

a technique where a solution of known

concentration is used to determine the

concentration of an unknown solution.

Volumetric Analysis Method or Titration

the concentration of an analyte is determined

by reacting it with a solution of known

concentration (titrant).

Solvent Extraction Method

also called liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and

partitioning

Solvent Extraction Method

is a method to separate

compounds based on their relative solubilities

in two different immiscible liquids.

Immiscible liquids

are ones that cannot get

mixed up together and separate into layers

when shaken together.

Tachometric Method

a branch of surveying in which horizontal and

vertical distances are determined by taking

angular observation with an instrument known

as a tachometer.

Precipitation

the most common technology used in

removing dissolved (ionic) metals from

solutions, such as process wastewaters

Precipitation

The ionic metals are converted to an insoluble

form (particle) by the chemical reaction

between the soluble metal compounds and

the precipitating reagent.

Extraction

the process of selectively removing a

compound of interest from a mixture using a

solvent.

extraction

For an _________ to be successful the

compound must be more soluble in the

solvent than in the mixture.

Distillation

A method of separating mixtures based on

differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid

mixture.

Distillation

The components in a sample mixture are

vaporised by the application of heat and then

immediately cooled by the action of cold

water in a condenser.

1. Electroanalytical Method

2. Spectroscopic Method

3. Thermal Method

4. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry CG-MS

   Instrumentation

5. Miscellaneous Methods

PHYSICAL, INSTRUMENTAL OR MODERN METHODS

Electroanalytical Method

We measure electrical properties such as

potential, current, resistance, and quantity of

electrical charge.

Potentiostat

is an analytical instrument

designed to control the working electrode's

potential in a multiple electrode

electrochemical cell. measures the electrical

conductivity of a solution

pH meter and Potentiometry

measurement

of electrical potential difference between

two electrodes in a solution.

Conductometry

measures the electrical

conductivity of a solution

Voltametry

changes in the electrode's

potential caused by redox reactions.

Polarography

voltammetric technique that

measures the current flowing through an

electrochemical cell as a function of an

applied potential.

Amparometry

measures the current

generated by the electrochemical oxidation

or reduction of an analyte at an electrode.

Coulumbmetry

measures the quantity of

electricity required to carry out a chemical

reaction at an electrode.

1. pH meter and Potentiometry

2. Conductometry

3. Voltametry

4. Polarography

5. Amparometry

6. Coulumbmetry

Electrochemical Method

Spectroscopic Method

We explore the interaction between

electromagnetic radiation and analyte atoms

or molecules or the emission of radiation by

analytes.

Mass spectrometry

is a powerful analytical

technique used to identify and quantify

molecules based on their mass-to-charge

ratio.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

Thermal Method

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

is conducted on an instrument referred to as a

thermogravimetric analyser

thermogravimetric analyzer

continuously

measures mass while the temperature of a

sample is changed over time.

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry CG-MS

Instrumentation

It is an analytical method that combines the

features of gas-chromatography and mass

spectrometry to identify different substances

within a test sample.

Miscellaneous Methods

We measure such quantities as mass-to-

charge ratio of ions by mass spectrometry,

rate of radioactive decay, heat of reaction,

rate of reaction, sample thermal conductivity,

optical activity, and refractive index.

Thermometric Analysis

measuring changes in

temperature associated with physical or

chemical processes occurring within a sample.

Thermogravimetric Analysis

thermal analysis

technique that measures changes in a

sample's weight as a function of temperature

or time while the sample is subjected to a

controlled atmosphere

1. Accuracy

2. Precision

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

Accuracy

The degree to which an experimental

result approaches the true or accepted answer.

Error

An experimental measure of accuracy.

The difference between the result obtained by

a method and the true or accepted value.

Random error

refers to fluctuations in

measurements that occur unpredictably and

inconsistently from one measurement to

another.

Random error

also known as indeterminate

error or statistical error,

Systematic error

refers to consistent and

predictable deviations of measured values

from the true value in the same direction.

Systematic error

also known as determinate

error or bias

Precision

refers to the reproducibility or

repeatability of measurements, i.e., how close

multiple measurements are to each other.

1. Clinical Analysis

2. Pharmaceutical Analysis

3. Environmental Analysis

4. Forensic Analysis

5. Industrial quality control

6. Bioanalytical chemistry and analysis

DIFFERENT AREAS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Clinical Analysis

blood, urine, feces, cellular fluids,

etc. for use in diagnosis

Pharmaceutical Analysis

establish the physical

properties, toxicity, metabolites, quality control,

etc.

Environmental Analysis

pollutants, soil and water

analysis, pesticides

Forensic Analysis

analysis related to criminology;

DNA finger printing, finger print detection; blood

analysis

Industrial quality control

required by most

companies to control product quality

Bioanalytical chemistry and analysis

detection and/or analysis of biological components (i.e.,

proteins, DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, metabolites,

etc.)

1. Choosing a Method

2. Acquiring the Sample

3. Processing the Sample

4. Eliminating Interferences

5. Calibrating and Measuring Concentration

6. Calculating Results

7. Evaluating Results by Estimating Reliability

QUANTITATIVE OR ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS

Choosing a Method

Essential first step in any quantitative analysis is

the selection of a method

Acquiring the Sample

The collection of specimens from biological

sources represents a second type of sampling

problem.

assay

is the process of determining how

much of a given sample is the material by its

indicated name. For example, a zinc alloy is

assayed for its zinc content, and its assay is a

particular numerical value.

Sampling

is the process of collecting a small

mass of a material whose composition

accurately represents the bulk of the material

being sampled.

Sampling

__________ is frequently the most difficult step

in an analysis and the source of greatest error

heterogeneous

A material is ____________ if its constituent

parts can be distinguished visually or with the

aid of a microscope.

1. Grounding

2. Mixing

3. Storing

A solid laboratory sample is:

Replicate samples or Replicates

____________________ or _________ , are

portions of a material of approximately

the same size that are carried through an

analytical procedure at the same time

and in the same way.

interference or interferent

An ____________or ___________ is a species that

causes an error in an analysis by enhancing or

attenuating (making smaller) the quantity

being measured.

matrix or sample matrix

The ________ or _________________ , is the collection

of all of the components in the sample

containing an analyte.

Calibration

is the process of determining the

proportionality between analyte

concentration and a measured quantity

Calculating Results

These computations are based on the raw

experimental data collected in the

measurement step, the characteristics of the

measurement instruments, and the

stoichiometry of the analytical reaction.

Evaluating Results by Estimating Reliability

The experimenter must provide some measure

of the uncertainties associated with

computed results if the data are to have any

value.