ch 4: the carbohydrates (sugars, starches, and fibers)

the brain uses __ as its primary energy source

glucose

muscles store simple sugars in the form of __.

glycogen

excess sugars are stored as __.

fat

what is glucose

blood sugar, essential energy source, part of every disaccharide

what is fructose

sweetest of the sugars

what is galactose?

occurs naturally in very few foods; occurs naturally in fruits and honey

what does condensation do?

links 2 monosaccharaides tgt

what happens in hydrolysis?

molecule of water splits to provide H and OH

what is maltose?

made of 2 glucose units, forms during starch breakdown and fermentation, mainly found in barley

what is sucrose?

made of glucose and fructose, is the sweetest disaccharide and gives fruits, vegetables, and grains their natural sweetness

what is lactose?

milk sugar made of galactose and glucose

match with whether they are mono, di, or poly

• complex carbs

• sucrose

• galactose

• lactose

• fructose

• maltose

• glucose

• complex carbs: poly

• sucrose: di

• galactose: mono

• lactose: di

• fructose: mono

• maltose: di

• glucose: mono

function of soluble fibers

support heart health and weigt management

function of insoluble fibers

aids GI health

function of viscous fibers

forms gels in GI tract

function of fermentable fibers

get broken down by gut bacteria

function of functional fibers

extracted/added to foods for health benefits

where is most of the work of carbohydrate digestion performed?

small intestine

what is the order of carbohydrate digestion?

1. in the mouth, salivary enzyme amylase starts the work

2. in the stomach, stomach acid and protein digesting enzymes inactivate salivary amylase

3. in the small intestine, pancreatic amylase breaks down the polysaccharides into shorter glucose chains and maltose

4. in the large intestine, fibers linger in the large intestine and attract water, which softens the stools for passage without straining

what is lactose intolerance?

a condition that results from the inability to digest the milk sugar lactose

where is glucose stored as glycogen in the body?

liver and muscles

purpose of gluconeogenesis

making glucose from protein

what is the purpose of making ketone bodies from fat fragments?

its an alternative fuel source during starvation

what is released during stress?

the liver releases glucose

what is diabetes?

blood glucose rises after a meal and remains above normal levels

what are the types of diabetes

• type 1: pancreas fails to produce insulin

• type 2: more common type, the cells fail to respond to insulin

what is hypoglycemia?

when blood glucose drops below normal

define the glycemic response

how quickly and how much blood glucose rises and falls during eating

which food will help improve aspects of health because of its low glycemic response

• corn tortillas

• watermelon

• white rice

• popcorn

corn tortillas

what do the dietary guidelines for americans say about added sugar?

• limit it to 5% of total daily kcals

• limit it to 10% of total daily kcal

• limit it to 20% of total daily kcal

• limit it to 25% of toal dail kcals

limit it to 10% of total daily kcals

what are some harmful effects of excessive fiber intake?

• insufficient energy of nutrients

• abdominal discomfort, gas, diarrhea

• GI obstruction

• affects nutrient absorption

• dietary goals