Physiology Lecture 3.10: Pulmonary Infections and Pleural Diseases

What is the infection of lower airways called?

Pneumonia

What does pneumonia lead to?

Small airway obstruction

What are the three classifications of pneumonia?

1. Community acquired

2. Nosocomial (Hospital acquired)

3. Nursing home acquired

What is the environmental risk factor for pneumonia?

Medical equipment

What are the medical risk factors for pneumonia?

1. Age

2. State of immune system

3. Surgeries

What are the clinical presentations for pneumonia aspiration?

1. Airway obstruction

2. Chemical pneumonitis from gastric contents

What are the symptoms caused by airway obstruction from pneumonia?

1. Stridors

2. Wheezing

3. Shorter breath sounds

What are the symptoms caused by chemical pneumonitis from pneumonia?

1. Dyspnea

2. Hypoxia

3. Rales

What procedures are risk factors for pulmonary embolism?

1. Surgery

2. Hormone therapy

What conditions are risk factors for pulmonary embolism?

1. Obesity

2. Malignancies

3. Lupus

4. Pregnancy

5. Immobilization

What cardiovascular conditions are risk factors for pulmonary embolism?

1. Venous insufficiency

2. Heart failure

What age is a risk factor for pulmonary embolism?

40+ years

What are the three key factors for deep vein thrombus formation from pulmonary embolism?

1. Endothelial damage

2. Vasodilation

3. Hyper coagulation

What are the two hallmarks for deep vein thrombus formation?

1. Immobility

2. Bed rest

What are the clinical presentations for pulmonary embolism?

1. Unexplained dyspnea

2. Chest pain

3. Hemoptysis

Are most pulmonary embolism patients symptomatic?

No

What are the signs of pulmonary embolism?

1. Desaturation

2. Split S2 heart sound

What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism?

1. Tachycardia

2. Tachypnea

3. Respiratory failure

4. Arrest

What is the presence of air in pleural cavity called?

Pneumothorax (PTX)

What are the two types of Pneumothorax (PTX)?

1. Traumatic

2. Spontaneous

Which Pneumothorax (PTX) is life threatening?

Tension PTX

What condition is Pneumothorax (PTX) related to?

Bullae

What are the symptoms of Pneumothorax (PTX) dependent on?

1. Size

2. Underlying lung function

What are the symptoms of Pneumothorax (PTX)?

1. Acute shortness of breathing

2. Unilateral pleuritic pain

How long does it take for Pneumothorax (PTX) symptoms to resolve?

Within 24 hours

What can you see on a chest x-ray to diagnose Pneumothorax (PTX)?

Maximal lung volume excursion

What can you measure to diagnose Pneumothorax (PTX)?

1. Decreased vital capacity

2. Hypoxia

3. Less chest wall movement (Fremitus)

4. Less lung sounds

In what way is Pneumothorax (PTX) unstable?

Hemodynamically unstable

What is the excessive collection of fluid within pleural space called?

Pleural Effision

What are the common causes of pleural effusion in pediatric patients?

1. Cardiac

2. Pneumonia

What diseases are associated with pleural effusion?

1. Tuberculosis infection

2. Malignancy

3. Rheumatoid arthritis

4. Pancreatitis

Which type of pleural effusion has water in the pleural space?

Hydrothorax

Which type of pleural effusion has purulent exudate?

Pyothorax

Which type of pleural effusion has infection with fibrosis?

Empyema

Which type of pleural effusion has blood in the pleural cavity?

Hemothorax

What are the two types of pulmonary oncology?

1. Small cell

2. Non-small cell

What cell is the diameter of small cell pulmonary oncology smaller than?

Lymphocytes

What is 95% of small cell pulmonary oncology linked to?

Smoking

70% of small cell pulmonary oncology has what condition?

Metastasis legion

What is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide?

Non-small cell pulmonary oncology

Where are 80% of small cell pulmonary oncology cases located?

Lungs

What is the sign of pulmonary oncology?

Tumor affecting airways

How many pulmonary oncology patients are asymptomatic?

5%

What organs are affected in primary lung cancer?

1. Brain

2. Bone

3. Liver

4. Adrenal glands

What organs are affected in secondary lung cancer?

1. Breast

2. Colorectal

3. Kidney

4. Thyroid

5. Skin

How does aging affect pulmonary compliance?

Decrease

How does aging affect work of breathing?

Increase

How does aging affect connective tissues?

Degeneration

How does aging affect acini numbers?

Decreases

How does aging affect small airway closures?

Increases

How does aging affect airway resistance?

Increases

How does aging affect pulmonary reserve?

Decrease

How does aging affect alveolar build up (PAP)?

Increase

How does aging affect capillary beds?

Decreases

How does aging affect ventilation response?

Decreases

How does aging affect risk of infection?

Increases

How does aging affect ciliary function?

Decreases

How does aging affect immune function?

Decreases

How does aging affect abdominal girth?

Increases

How does aging affect elastic recoil?

Decreases