cooked

how many times did chloroplast originate by endosymbiosis in green plants

one time

what events are examples of primary endosymbiosis

creation of the first chloroplast and mitochondrion

what event was an example of secondary endosymbiosis

red algae becomes chloroplast of ancestry to brown algae and diatoms

which life cycles are haploid dominant?

Chlamydomonas and Spirogyras and Oedogonium

the embryo of the Ginkgo biloba is ____

diploid

the megagametophyte of ginkgo biloba is ____

haploid

true or false - the male gametophyte of gymnosperms produces several antheridia

false

true or false - the female gametophyte of gymnosperms produces triploid endosperm

false

the ovules and seeds of gymnosperms are exposed on the surface of sporophylls

true

does gymnosperm mean “naked seed”?

yes

what type of ovaries does raspberries have?

apocarpous

What is the fundamental difference between the fruits of mulberry and blackberry?

mulberries are multiple fruit from the fusion of many flowers

blackberries are aggregate fruit formed from multiple ovaries of a single flower

largest tree belongs to this group

 

seqoiadendron giganteum or giant sequoias

tallest tree belongs to this group

sequoia semperviren or coast redwoods

oldest tree belongs to this group

pinus longaeva or Bristlecone Pine

is a monoecious plant bisexual or heterosexual?

bisexual

What does the image below indicate?

 

Growth of haustorial pollen tube in Cycads and Ginkgo

The dominant trees of the carboniferous rain forest were:

 

Lycophytes and Ferns

The major adaptation by the later plants to thrive on dry areas after 300 mya is the evolution of:

pollen

The tiny microspores produced inside microsporangia are ________ structures which develop into_____________.

haploid, pollen

Which of the following are anatomically equivalent parts between Selaginella strobilus and angiosperm anther?

 

Y and Z

Which of the following are anatomically equivalent parts between pine (gymnosperm) strobilus and angiosperm flower?

male cone - stamens of flower

female cone - carpels of flower

Ovary in this flower is_____

 

inferior

inflorescence represent _____. the inflorescence in this figure below is an ____ type

a cluster of flowers, indeterminate

this plant has

 

apocarpous ovary with multiple carpels.

The fruit below is the result of:

 

a single flower with free carpels

Which of the following statements about  Spirogyra  is FALSE?

 

Gametes are anisogamous

what was the effect of early embryophytes on the climate

reduced carbon dioxide in atmosphere so the temp was lower and it was drier

how does a plant reproduce without water?

deliver sperm directly to them and and don’t make them swim

how many cells does a microgametophyte have?

4

are gymnosperms haploid or diploid dominant?

diploid dominant

what makes up an ovule

integument and megasporangium

a tiny megaspore produced inside megasporagium develops into ____ that produces ___ for fertilization

megagametophyte, egg

what doe gymno sperm mean

naked seed

4 types of gymnosperms

conifers, ginkgos, cycads, and gnetophytes

trees with short stubby trunks and very rigid, pinnate leaves and large cones that emerge fromt he top of the trunk

cycads

what does monoecious mean

one house or a plant with make and female parts

what is dioecious

two houses or a plant with only female or male parts

Ovules become ___ and ovaries become ___

seeds and fruit

4 types of whorls

calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynecium

what are whorls made of

modified leaves

another name for gyneocium

pistil

another name for androcium

stamen

another name for the calyx

sepal

another word for corolla

petall

what is in androecium

groups of pollen sacs that contain pollen grains

what is a carpel

modified leaf bearing ovules on the margin of its uppper surface

what is a pistil

one or more carpels fused into a structure having an ovary, style and stigma

what is gyneocium

collective term for all carpels in a flower

what is syncarpous gynoecium

three carpels are fused into a single pistil that separates only at the stigma

what is superior ovary

flower parts attach below it

what is an inferior ovary

sunk below the point where the other flower parts attach.

hypogynous

plant has ovary open and easy to see. it is not covered

perigynous

you can still see the ovary but it has some walls around it

epigynous

the ovary is totally hidden in the hypanthium

what is the only group to do double fertilization

angiosperms

why is endosperm so iportant

the plant does not have to waste any energy making food for the embryo that does not exist

steps of double fertilization

the sperm joins with the egg to make the zygote then another sperm goes for the central cell nuclei to create a 3N cell

what is inflorescene

cluster of flowers

raceme inflorescence

pedicels and internodes

solitary inflorescence

just one flower

umbel

pedicels but no internodes

spike

internodes but no pedicels

head

neither internodes nor pedicels

cymose

cyanobacteria pigments

chlosophyll a and phyconilins (phycoerythrin and phycocyanin)

pigments in red algae

chlorophyll a and phycobilins (phycoerythrin and phycocyanin)

important uses of red algae

ice cream

what is megasporophylls

modified leaves bearing sporangia (megasporangia)

what do carpels turn into

fruits

what is apocarpous

3 carpels with 1 locule per carpel

syncarpous

A carpels 3 locule 1 B carpels 2 locule 1 C carpels 4 locules 4

unicarpellous

1 carpel, 1 locule

placenta

all places where ovules attach

simple fruits

produced by syncarpous or unicarpellate gynoecium

types of simple fruits

dry dehiscent and indehiscent and fleshy

simple fleshy fruits are called

berries (ex - grape, tomato, blueberries, eggplant)

pepo

a fruit from the angiosperm plant family called cucubitaceae and are characterized by leathery rind (ex: pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon)

desperidium

a citrus fruit with the fleshy part consisting of juice sacs and also has a rind with oil glands (ex: lemon)

pomes

fruit with fleshy part is hypanthium of epigynous flowers (ex: apple)

drupes

have a hard or woody pit in the center (ex. peach cherry)

follicle

or a dry fruit formed from a single carpel

legume

have 2 seams instead of just one

capsule

multiple carpels

samara

is an achene with winds

grain

fruit that has an achene that cant be seperated

nut

has a very ahrd outer shel and the nut isnt fused to the ovary wall

aggregate fruits

fruits produced by the apocarpous gneocium of a single flower (ex: strawberries and rasperries and blackberries)

multiple fruits

fusion of fruits from several flowers

brown algae (kelp) pigments

chlorophylls a and c and fucoxanthin

diatoms pigments

chlorophylls a and c and fucoxanthin

what makes diatoms unique?

cell walls made of glass

green algae pigments

chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids