Endocrine Physiology: Hypothalamus & The Anterior Pituitary Gland

Week 4: Thursday, September 18th

the Egyptians believed that the _______ was not important, and that the _______ and _______ were because they drained mucus from the brain

brain, hypothalamus and pituitary

true or false: future research found that removing the pituitary gland did not lead to endocrine gland atrophy

false. future research found that removing the pituitary gland did lead to endocrine gland atrophy

the _______ is the tube connecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, it has blood vessels that send hormones between the two

infundibulum

true or false: hypothalamus hormones are hormones because they’re released in the brain

false. hypothalamus hormones are neurohormones they’re released in the brain

true or false: pituitary gland hormones are hormones because they’re released outside of the brain

true

_______ claims that the hypothalamus releases chemicals into portal blood vessels to regulate pituitary

Neurovascular hypothesis

the pituitary gland is a _______ between the brain and body

relay station

the _______ hangs from our brain in the sphenoid bone within sells turcica (bone depression); below the hypothalamus; and broken into 3 sections

pituitary gland

the _______ pituitary gland is derived from oral ectoderm (mouth cavity) and connected to the hypothalamus via blood

anterior (adenohypopsis)

the _______ pituitary gland is derived from neural ectoderm (forebrain) and connected to the hypothalamus via axons

posterior (neurohypopsis) 

a _______ causes the inhibition of growth and reduction in size of adrenal glands, gonads, and thyroid glands

hypophysectomy

true or false: injection of interior pituitary extracts in hypophysectomy rats restores growth in adrenal glands, gonads, and thyroid glands

true

True or false: removal of endocrine glands enlarges the pituitary gland

true

gigantism, cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and disruptions of sex hormones are examples of _______

disorders resulting for pituitary tumors

the _______ has different cell types surrounded by sinusodal cappilaries (very permeable)

adenohypopsis

sinusodial capillaries surrounding the adenohypopsis store/release _______, which control glands, and _______, which nourish/help gells grow

tropic hormones, trophic hormones 

_______ is an adenohypopsis glycoprotein hormome that releases thyrotropin/thyroid hormone (TSH), and stimulates thyroud hormone secretion

thyrotrope 

_______ is an adenohypopsis glycoprotein hormome that releases follicle-stimulating hormome (FSH) and leutinizing hormome (LH), and stimulates gonads hormome secretion

gonadotrope 

true or false: LH stimulates sperm and egg production, and FSH stimulates corpus luteum formation, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

false. FSH stimulates sperm and egg production, and LH stimulates corpus luteum formation, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

TSH, FSH, and LH have the same alpha chain, but different _______, and receptors

beta chain 

_______ is an adenohypopsis hormome that releases somatotropin (sonatotrophic hormome/growth hormone (GH)), is the most abundant cell, stimulates body cell growth adn development, and affects energy balance and milk production 

somatotrope 

_______ is an adenohypopsis hormome that releases prolactin (PRL), which stimulates mammary gland to produce milk, and immune cells, and is involved in maternal and paternnal behavior

lactotrope 

_______ is an adenohypopsis hormome that releases Gh and PRL

somatomammotrope

_______ is an adenohypopsis hormome that releases adrenol corticotropic hormome (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal cortex (controls fluidds, energy, reproduction)

corticotrope

true or false: ACTH-like hormomes come from proopiomelanocortin, and are processed into multiple hormomes

true 

true or false: the adenohypopsis has many nerves but a low blood supply

false. the adenohypopsis has few nerves but a rich blood supply

the adenohypopsis is connected to the hypothalamus by the _______, a blood vessel system containing primary and secondary plexuses

hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

the pituitary gland secretes _______ hormomes

stimulating

secretion in pulses matching hypothamic input, and daily cycles based on activity, sleep, and light/dark, are examples of _______

adenohypopsis regulation

_______ inhibits GH if too much is released

somatostatin

prolactin is always released, unless _______ is present, which will inhibit PRL

prolactin