Anatomy 6511 Embryology 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

Teratology

The study of abnormal development; involve both genetic and environmental factors.

Germinal period

Sperm fertilizes the egg creating a zygote that undergoes rapid cell division and implants into uterus.

Fertilization to 2nd week

When does the germinal period occur?

Embryonic period

Initial development of all major structures and establishment of organ systems

3rd week to 8th week

When does the embryonic period occur?

Fetal period

Differentiation and growth of organs and tissues

9th week to term (38th week)

When does the fetal period occur?

Gametogenesis

The process of the formation and development of male and female primordial germ cells (PGC) into gametes (spermatozoa and ooctye)

Lining of yolk sac

Where do primordial germ cells originate?

Diploid (2N)

Are primordial germ cells haploid or diploid?

Occupy gonads and mature into gametes

What do PGC migrate to do?

Meiosis

Does gametogenesis occur via mitosis or meiosis?

Diploid (2N) to haploid (N)

What does the chromosome number start and end with in Gametogenesis?

Spermatogonia to spermatids

What does spermatogenesis start and end with?

Puberty

When does spermatogenesis begin?

Spermatogonia stem cells

In spermatogenesis, primordial germ cells give rise to?

More spermatogonia or primary spermatocytes

In spermatogenesis, Spermatogonia multiply within the testes by mitosis to generate what?

Mitosis

In spermatogenesis, spermatogonia multiply within the testes by (mitosis or meiosis) to generate either more spermatogonia or primary spermatocytes.

Secondary spermatocytes

Primary spermatocytes divide by meiosis and enter a prolonged Meiosis I to form?

Meiosis I (2N > N)

Primary spermatocytes become secondary spermatocytes by entering a prolonged?

Spermatids

Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form haploid?

Meiosis II (N > N)

Secondary spermatocytes become haploid spermatids by?

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What hormones regulate spermatogenesis?

Sertoli cells

(stimulated by testosterone)

Where does FSH bind?

Support cells for spermatogenesis

What is the function of sertoli cells?

Leydig cells

Where does LH bind?

Stimulates testosterone production

What is the function of Leydig cells?

Spermatids to Spermatozoa (mature sperm)

What is spermiogenesis?

Formation of acrosome, nuclear condensation, formation of neck, middle, and tail, cytoplasmic shedding (residual bodies)

What 4 morphological changes occur during spermiogenesis?

Primordial germ cells

Spermatogonia

Primary spermatocyte

Secondary spermatocyte

Spermatid

Spermatozoa

List the 6 steps of spermatogenesis/spermiogenesis.

Oogonia to mature oocytes

What is oogenesis?

Reduced by half (2N to N)

What happens to the chromosome number during oogenesis?

Primary oocytes

Which step of oogenesis is present before birth?

Prophase of meiosis I

What stage of meiosis are oogonia halted in to form primary oocytes?

Oogonia stem cells

In oogenesis, primordial germ cells give rise to?

Mitosis

Oogonia undergo several rounds of (mitosis or meiosis)

Follicular cells

Oogonia undergo several rounds of mitosis arranging into clusters surrounded by?

Follicular cells

What type of cells surround clusters of oogonia in the ovaries?

Support cells for oogenesis

What is the function of follicular cells?

7 million, 5 months

Oogonia continue to divide reaching maximal number of how many? At around how many months?

Cell death

After 5 months, many oogonia undergo what?

Primary oocytes

By 7 months, the majority of oogonia have degenerated leaving a small amount of what?

Surface of the ovary

Primordial follicles are located near the what?

Primary oocyte and follicular cells

What makes up a primordial follicle?

At birth

When are all primary oocytes arrested in prophase of meiosis I?

Diplotene/resting stage

Primary oocytes enter what stage until puberty?

Diplotene/resting stage

What is the period between birth and puberty where primary oocytes are arrested in prophase of meiosis I?

Chromatin looks lacy

How can you identify the diplotene/resting stage?

400-450

How many oocytes end up releasing during ovulation in a lifetime?

1 follicle

At puberty, out of the 15-20 primordial follicles that initiate maturation each month, how many normally reach full maturation?

FSH and LH

Which 2 hormones regulate the preovulatory growth of follicles each month?

Secondary oocyte and first polar body

During puberty, a primary oocyte completes meiosis I creating what?

Primordial germ cells

Oogonia

Primary oocyte

Secondary oocyte

What are the 4 steps of oogenesis?

Diploid

Are primary oocytes haploid or diploid?

Haploid

Are secondary oocytes haploid or diploid?

Metaphase of Meiosis II

Before ovulation, which stage are secondary oocytes halted in?

Until fertilized

How long do secondary oocytes remain arrested during ovulation?

Smooth muscle contractions

What helps to expel secondary oocytes?

Ampulla of uterine tube

Where does fertilization typically take place?

Capacitation and acrosome reaction

What 2 processes must sperm undergo in order to initiate fertilization?

Capacitation

Surface proteins removed from acrosome allowing acrosome to react with corona radiata and zona pellucida

Removal of surface proteins on sperm to expose acrosome

What is capacitation?

Acrosome reaction

Binding to and release of enzymes to penetrate zona pellucida and facilitate fertilization

Release of enzymes from acrosome

What is the acrosome reaction?

Penetration of corona radiata

What occurs in phase 1 of fertilization?

Penetration of zona pellucida

What occurs in phase 2 of fertilization?

Zona pellucida

Which barrier of the oocyte is broken down by the acrosome reaction?

Zona pellucida

What is number 1 pointing to?

Corona radiata

What is number 2 pointing to?

Oocyte and second polar body

Phase 3 of fertilization forms what?

Ooctye and sperm cell membranes

What fuses together in phase 3 of fertilization?

Sperm binding and polyspermy

In phase 3 of fertilization, the oocyte and sperm cell membranes fuse causing cortica and zona reactions preventing what from happening?

Male pronucleus fuse with female pronucleus forming diploid zygote, Restoration of diploid number of chromosomes, Determination of genetic sex, Initiation of cleavage

What are the results of fertilization?

Zygote/Fertilized cell

Week 1 starts with what?

Blastomeres

A zygote undergoes multiple mitotic divisions (cleavage) to form what?

Compaction

Cell divisions result in successively smaller blastomeres that remain confined within the space available within the zona pellucida resulting in what?

Zona pellucida doesn't expand (cells must fit within a confined space)

What causes compaction of blastomeres?

8

How many blastomeres are present when compaction begins?

16

How many blastomeres are present in a Morula?

3 days

How many days after fertilization does a morula form?

Inner and outer cell mass

The morula is defined by what?

Embryoblast

What does the inner cell mass of the morula give rise to?

Trophoblast/Placenta

What does the outer cell mass of the morula give rise to?

Blastocele

Fluid enters inner cell mass forming a single cavity called what?

Blastocyst

Fluid enters inner cell mass forming single cavity called blastocele resulting in formation of a definitive what?

Uterine wall

A blastocyst attaches to what?

Implantation

The blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall and recipricol interactions between invading trophoblast cells and endometrial cells of the uterus result in what?

Trophoblast cells (outer cell mass of blastocyst) and Endometrial cells (uterine wall)

Interactions between which 2 cell types allow for implantation of blastocyst into the uterine wall?

Blastocyst

What is the name of the entire cell shown?

Inner cell mass

What is number 1 pointing to?

Blastocele

What is number 2 pointing to?

Outer cell mass

What is number 3 pointing to?

Embryoblast

What is number 1 pointing to?

Trophoblast

What is number 2 pointing to?

Partially embedded in the endometrium of the uterus

At the end of week 1, the blastocyst is where?

Ectopic pregnancy

What happens when the blastocyst implants outside of normal uterine location such as the uterine tubes, ovary, abdomen, or cervical?

Cytotrophoblast and Syncytiotrophoblast

In week 2 of development, the trophoblast divides into what 2 layers?

Inner layer of mononucleated cells

What is the cytotrophoblast?

Outer multinucleated zone with no defined cell boundaries

What is the syncytiotrohpoblast?

Epiblast (top) and hypoblast (bottom)

In week 2 of development, the embryoblast forms what 2 layers?