Lecture 1.01: Introduction

anatomy

the study of the structure of individual body organs and their relationships to one another

physiology

the study of the functions of body systems

levels of organization (smallest to largest)

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

microscopic anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye

cytology

the study of cells

histology

the study of tissues

gross anatomy

structures that can be seen with the unaided eye

comparative anatomy

comparing the anatomy of different species

developmental anatomy

changes in structure within an individual from conception through maturity

embryology

concerned specifically with developmental events that occur prior to birth

regional anatomy

examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as one complete unit

regional anatomy examples

skin, bones, muscles, nerves, blood vessels or upper extremity region

surface anatomy

examines both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them

surface anatomy example

radial pulse near radial styloid process

palpation

using hands to locate structures by touch

auscultation

listening to sounds produced by structures

systemic anatomy

the gross anatomy of each individual organ systems of the body

integumentary system (functions)

provides protection; regulates body temperature; site of cutaneous receptors; synthesizes vitamin D; prevents water loss

integumentary system (body parts)

hair; skin and associated glands

muscular system (functions)

produces body movement; generates heat when muscles contract

skeletal system (functions)

provides support and protection; site of hemopoiesis; stores calcium and phosphorus; provides site for muscle attachments

nervous system (functions)

controls body movement; responds to sensory stimuli; regulates/controls other body systems; responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory

respiratory system (functions)

responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs

cardiovascular system (functions)

heart pumps blood through blood vessels to organs around the body; distributes hormones, nutrients, gases; picks up waste products

lymphatic system (functions)

transports and filters interstitial fluid through lymph vessels; initiates immune responses

digestive system (functions)

mechanically and chemically digests food; absorbs nutrients; expels waste products

male reproductive system (functions)

produces male sex cells and hormones; transfers sperm to female

female reproductive system (functions)

produces female sex cells and hormones; receives sperm from male'; site of fertilization of oocyte; site of growth and development of fetus'; production of breast milk

urinary system (functions)

filters blood; concentrates waste products as urine; expels urine from the body

endocrine system (functions)

consists of glands and clusters of cells that secrete hormones; regulates/controls other body systems

pathologic anatomy

examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease

radiographic anatomy

examines the relationships of internal structures visualized by specific medical imaging procedures such as x-ray, mri, or ultrasound

surgical anatomy

examines the anatomic landmarks such as palpable bone markings, as they surgical procedures

anatomic position

standing upright; feet are parallel and are flat on the floor; head is level and eyes are looking forward towards the observer; arms at either side of the body; palms facing forward; thumbs pointing away from body

supine position

lying face up

prone position

lying face down

plane

imaginary line

section

slice

coronal plane (frontal plane)

vertical plane; divides into front and back parts

transverse section (cross-sectional plane, axial plane)

horizontal plane; divides into upper and lower parts; along the short axis of the body

sagittal section

vertical plane; divides into left and right parts

midsagittal (median plane)

divides equally

parasagittal

divides into unequal left and right portions

longitudinal sections

cutting parallel to the long axis of the organ

cross sections

cutting perpendicular to the long axis of the organ; lumen is circular in shape

oblique sections

cutting tissues at an angle; lumen is oval in shape

tangential sections

grazing the surface of a structure; hollow structures may appear solid

anterior

in front of; toward the front surface

posterior

in back of; toward the back surface

dorsal

toward the back side of the human body

ventral

toward the belly side of the human body

superior

closer to the head

inferior

closer to the feet

cranial (cephalic)

at the head end

caudal

at the rear or tail end

rostral

toward the nose or mouth

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

ipsilateral

on the same side

contralateral

on the opposite side

deep

on the inside, internal to another structure

superficial

on the outside, external to another structure

proximal

closest to point of attachment to trunk

distal

furthest from point of attachment to trunk

axial regions

head, neck, trunk

appendicular region

upper extremity, lower extremity

cephalic

head

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye

nasal

nose

buccal

cheek

oral

mouth

mental

chin

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

pectoral

chest

sternal

sternum

abdominal

abdomen

inguinal

groin

cervical

neck

deltoid

shoulder

brachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

olecranal

elbow

carpal

wrist

manus

hand

palmar

palmd

digital

finger

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

popliteal

posterior or knee

crural

leg

sural

calf

tarsal

ankle

calcaneal

heel

plantar surface

sole

digital (foot)

toe

pes

foot

cranial

surrounding the brain

occipital

back of head