CYTOGENETICS L1-INTRODUCTION PRELIMS

What are the branches of the clinical laboratory

Hematology, Blood Bank, Immunology & Serology, Microbiology, Clinical Microscopy, Clinical Chemistry, Special Chemistry (Cytogenetics)

What does genetics aim to explain regarding genes

It is “How the genes came into being”

What human variation is mentioned as puzzling in genetics

How it produced different races

What is the origin of the word "genetics"

From ancient Greek genetikos (genitive) and genesis (origin)

What scientific discipline does genetics belong to

Biology

What does genetics study

The science of heredity and variation in living organisms

What are the fields that the Clinical Laboratory Medicine is focused on

human genetics and medical genetics

What does Human Genetics study

The study of heredity in man

What does Medical Genetics study

The study of human genetic variation of medical significance

Who first suggested the Big Bang Theory in the 1920s

Georges Lemaitre

What was Georges Lemaitre's profession

Belgian priest

What did Georges Lemaitre theorize about the origin of the universe

That it began from a single primordial atom

What does the Big Bang Theory propose about the origin of the universe

It began as an extremely hot and dense dot only a few millimeters wide

What does the Big Bang Theory say about the universe's initial expansion

It expanded faster than the speed of light (inflation)

From what size did the universe grow during inflation

From subatomic size to a golf-ball size almost instantaneously

According to the Big Bang Theory, how long did it take to create the universe as we know it

More than seven days

What was created on the first day according to the Creation Theory

Heaven, Earth, light

What was created on the second day

Firmament

What was created on the third day

Water, dry land, grass, herb-yielding seed, fruit tree

What was created on the fourth day

Sun and moon (two great lights), stars

What was created on the fifth day

Water and flying creatures

What was created on the sixth day

Land creatures, male and female

What happened on the seventh day

God ended His work, rested, blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it

What happened to the claim about Java Man

It was exposed as a false intermediate form

What happened to the claim about Pekin Man

It was exposed as a false intermediate form

What was Nebraska Man based on

A single tooth discovered in 1922

What was later discovered about Nebraska Man in 1927

The tooth belonged to a wild boar

What happened to Piltdown Man in 1953

It was exposed as a hoax

Who reconstructed the skull of Piltdown Man

Smith Woodward

What did Smith Woodward hypothesize about Piltdown Man

That the skull fragments belonged to a human

What was Zinjanthropus later found to be

Just an ordinary ape

What was Ramapithecus originally believed to be

An intermediate form

What was Ramapithecus reclassified as in 1981

An ordinary species of baboon

What did research from 1999-2000 reveal about Lucy

Lucy was also invalid

What was the Taung Child later identified as

A young gorilla

What does the Creation Hypothesis say about the presence of massive amounts of coded genetic information

Inherent and complete in original populations as created; sum total has steadily declined over time via mutational degradation

What does the Evolution Hypothesis say about the presence of massive amounts of coded genetic information

Increased over time from zero via DNA copying errors (i.e., mutations), natural selection, and millions of years

What does the Creation Hypothesis say about genetic to morphological similarities between organisms

Indicative of Creator's prerogative to employ similar or identical structures or information sequences for similar structures or similar functions in different organisms

What does the Evolution Hypothesis say about genetic to morphological similarities between organisms

Residual evidence that multiple different organisms descended from common ancestors

What is the difference between the creation and evolution hypothesis, regarding its design or way to create humans like us

creation hypothesis- intelligent design, evolution hypothesis- ape like creature

What is the cell complexity stated by the Creation Hypothesis

The cell, in its complexity, discloses a well-planned, and well-programmed individual & collaborative system

What quote from Darwin is used to challenge the Evolution Hypothesis in terms of cell complexity

"If the cell were more complex than it appears then, my whole theory is wrong."

What does the Creation Hypothesis say about the consistency of its developmental theory

Consistent in its developmental theory

What does the Evolution Hypothesis say about the completeness of its developmental theory

With missing links

Who states the observation about 6.7% heterozygosity in humans

Francesco Ayala

What does Francesco Ayala state about human heterozygosity

On the basis of only 6.7% heterozygosity the average human couple could have 10 children before they would have to have one child identical to another (except for twins)

What are the two main components of Medical Genetics

Clinical Field, Laboratory Sciences

What are the two areas under the Clinical Field of Medical Genetics

Clinical genetics, Genetic counselling

What are the three areas under the Laboratory Sciences of Medical Genetics

Cytogenetics, Molecular genetics, Biochemical genetics

What does the modern science of genetics seek to understand

The process of inheritance

Who is considered the father of genetics

Gregor Johann Mendel

What was Gregor Johann Mendel's profession

Augustinian monk and scientist

What did Mendel observe about inheritance

Organisms inherit traits via discrete units of inheritance

What are the discrete units of inheritance now called according to Mendel

Genes

Who argued in 1910 that genes are on chromosomes

Thomas Hunt Morgan

What was the basis for Thomas Hunt Morgan's argument

Observations of a sex-linked white eye mutation in fruit flies

Who was a student of Thomas Hunt Morgan

Alfred Sturtevant

What did Alfred Sturtevant demonstrate in 1913

Genes are arranged linearly on the chromosome

What phenomenon did Alfred Sturtevant use to show gene arrangement

Genetic linkage

Who produced all the different varieties of genes according to the text

Adam (with Eve)

What happens to certain genes after a number of generations

Some become recessive, others become dominant

What does cytogenetics combine

The methods and findings of cytology and genetics

What does cytogenetics allow investigation of

Heredity at the cellular level

How does cytogenetics investigate heredity

Through careful evaluation of the chromosomes

Who established genetics as a new field of science

Mendel

What is the oldest fields of genetics

Cytogenetics

Why is cytogenetics one of the oldest fields of genetics

Because genetics was established before chromosomes were discovered

What major advancement did cytogenetics bring to clinical diagnosis

The ability to detect changes in chromosome structure

What have many cytogenetic tests become in diagnostics

It became the "gold standard" for diagnosis

What is there a growing number of

Disease genes being cloned

What is there increasing emphasis on

Developing molecular direct mutation analyses

When do analytical studies using molecular direct mutation analyses work well

When a diagnosis is known or suspected