Italian Renaissance

Renaissance

Rebirth of learning and culture that began in Italy.

Humanism

Intellectual movement that emphasized the study of classical texts and human potential.

Renaissance Men

Individuals who could master any field of study or work, exemplified by figures like Leonardo da Vinci.

Northern Renaissance

Spread of Renaissance ideas to Northern Europe, combining classical learning with religious themes.

Thomas More

Author of "Utopia," which critiques society and envisions an ideal place.

Erasmus

Writer of "The Praise of Folly," which satirizes various societal figures and practices.

Protestant Reformation

Movement that challenged the Catholic Church's practices and authority, leading to the establishment of Protestantism.

95 Theses

Document written by Martin Luther criticizing the sale of indulgences and church practices.

Edict of Worms

Declaration by Charles V that declared Luther an outlaw and heretic.

Henry VIII

King of England who broke from the Catholic Church to annul his marriage and establish the Church of England.

Calvinism

Religious doctrine by John Calvin emphasizing predestination and a strict moral code.

Council of Trent

Assembly that addressed church reforms and clarified Catholic doctrine in response to the Reformation.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement that divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.

Zheng He

Chinese admiral who led voyages to impress other nations and establish Chinese dominance.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty known for agricultural improvements and limited European trade.

Qing Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty of China, known for expansion and strict trade regulations with Europeans.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Feudal regime in Japan that unified the country and established a closed-country policy.

Closed-country policy

Japan's strategy to limit foreign influence and trade, allowing only select nations to engage with them.

Oda Nobunaga

Daimyo who initiated the unification of Japan through military force.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Nobunaga's general who continued efforts to unify Japan and attempted to conquer Korea.