I&S Post Civil War Study Material

what did the 13th amendment do?

-Freedom-Abolished Slavery

-Finished what the Emancipation Proclamation started

14th Amendment

Citizenship-anyone born in the U.S. is a citizen

Overturned the Dred Scott V. Sanford case when African American's’ citizenship was taken from them.

15th amendment

Voting- said the right to vote could not be denied due to race

Lincoln’s plan

Known as the 10% plan, because for a state that had seceded to be readmitted to the U.S., 10% had to sign an oath of loyalty to the U.S.

States had to rewrite their constitutions, including abolition of slavery

Johnson’s plan

Similar to Lincoln’s 10% plan, with some slight additions. All who pledged loyalty received a pardon, but wealthier southerners had to get a pardon from Johnson. States were readmitted after rewriting their constitutions and abolishing slavery.

Congressional Plans

When states refused to ratify the 14th Amendment, and white southerners were persecuting Black People in their states through Black Codes, congress sent the US Army to occupy the former Confederate states and protects freedmen’s rights

Freedman’s bureau

A federal agency established by Lincoln to support newly freed people in the south, as well as poor whites after the war. Provided:

• Schools

• Negotiation of labor contracts

• recording marriages

• recording violence against freedmen

• providing food to freedmen and poor whites in need

Ku Klux Klan

Terror organization that wanted the political defeat of the Republican Party and maintenance of absolute white supremacy in the south.

Tunis Campbell

Came to GA during the war to help the army resettling formerly enslaved people.

Large landowner who created an association of Black landowners

Served in the state legislature until the end of Reconstruction

Henry McNeal Turner

Helped organize the AME church and GA’s Republican Party. He was one of the “Original 33” Black legislators in GA’s General Assembly, and spoke for 4 hours against their expulsion from the Assembly when the white legislators forced them out.

Sharecropping

People who didn’t own their own land worked on someone else’s land and they were paid in a share of the crop

Tenant Farming

People who didn’t own land, but might have their own tools and plow animals. they were paid a larger share of the crop

Bourbon Triumvirate

John B. Gordon, Joseph Brown, and Alfred Colquitt were 3 politicians who controlled GA politics for 2 decades. They were all former confederates, who while looking back fondly to the time before the civil war, also thought the south should industrialize. They were Democrats and supported white supremacy and the convict lease system.

Henry Grady

Voice of the south, as he was editor of the ATL Constitution newspaper and a well known speaker. He coined the term “New South” and like the Bourbon three, encouraged the South to industrialize and diversify farming, away from cotton.

International cotton expositions

Grady was an organizer, these were similar to world’s fairs. They were exhibitions of the latest cotton technologies among other attractions, and the purpose was to attract investment to the south- especially industry.

Tom Watson

A populist Politician, who began his career as someone who spoke up for farmers, all farmers. Later in his career he shifted to a racist, anti-immigrant platform.

One great accomplishment was the Rural Free Delivery law- provided daily mail delivery of newspapers, latter’s, magazines, etc. to farmers across GA.

Populists

Political party that supported-

• lowering state tax laws for farmers

• govt control of railroads(instead of private companies)

• better roads

• labor laws that would limit the workday to 8 hours

Party for the people

Jim Crow Laws

Laws restricting the rights of Black Americans

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme court case in which Homer Plessy was arrested for riding in a whites-only railcars, to test the constitutionality of Louisiana’s Separate Rail Car Act. He lost the case and “Separate but equal” became the law of the land.

Disenfranchisement

Taking away someone’s right to vote

Methods: poll taxes, Grandfather clauses, Literacy tests, White primaries, violence

1906 ATL Massacre/Race Riots

White mobs attacked black-owned businesses as a result of building tensions. There was a resentment of Black success, and newspapers published stories of attacks on white women. after the massacre, segregation of neighborhoods grew worse, and many African Americans left ATL

Booker T. Washington

Black leader, who became known for his role as the first principal of what became Tuskegee University and his ATL Compromise speech. In this speech he expressed his accommodationist view social segregation was acceptable, as long as African Americans were given access to higher-wage paying jobs.

W.E.B. DuBois

Black professor and author, founder of the Niagara Movement and the NAACP. DuBois disagreed with Washington on the path to racial equality, believing that African Americans should demand complete equality and not compromise.

Alonzo Herndon

Black, Georgian entrepreneur who became maybe the first black millionaire. Herndon initially found success as owner of barbershops on ATL, then gained wealth as a real estate investor, and founder of the ATL Life Insurance Company.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jewish people.

Leo Frank case

Leo Frank was a Jewish man from NY who manage a pencil factory in ATL. When a young girl was found murdered in the factory, Frank was charged with the crime and convicted. Newspapers and Tom Watson played a large role in fueling public outrage over the crime that influenced the crime that influenced the jury that convicted Frank. Although the Governor of GA changed Frank’s sentence to life in prison(he saw him as innocent and hoped he would one day be re-tried and set free), a lynch mob kidnapped Frank from prison and hanged him. This event led to the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan.