AP Euro

printing press / Gutenberg bible

1455

effect of printing press

vernacular, literacy, protestant reformation, cultural diffusion

treaty of tordesillas - date and what

1494, partitioned the world, W for Spain and E for Portugal

Martin Luther’s 95 theses date

1517

Martin Luther’s problems with the church

simony, indulgences, pluralism, nepotism, etc.

what made italy the ideal place for starting the renaissance

good for trade, Roman Empire, classical works, new class of elites, lack of central authority meant they didn’t really get rid of threatening ideasitv

vitu

excellence

family life before renaissance

patria potestà = male head of house

women married young, men married old

step parents

sexual violencempi

impacts of the Black Death

ppl doubted the church, needed slaves to fill jobs

humanism

• Humanism = the unlimited potential in human beings as an end in themselves

  • Reach own conclusions

  • Logic and observation

  • Less bound to tradition but used greco roman teachings too

  • glorify human potential

  • We do not have all of the answers

  • Secular content accepted

scholasticism

• Scholasticism:

  • Not encouraged to think for the truth

  • Assumption that truth already exists

  • Traditional logic

  • Eloquence and relevance =/= important

  • Indifferent to secular content of classical writings

how did humans show their control over their lives

• power: humans can control their environment and have all the tools to understand the world

  • double-entry book-keeping

  • musical notation

  • cartography

  • 3D perspective

art during the renaissance

oil paints, light and shadow

3D

order and perspective

naturalism

status of the artist and the patron

northern renaissance

christian humanism - church has problems but they can be fixed through reforms

Erasmus

laid the egg that Luther hatched

mocked the church in IN PRAISE OF FOLLY (1511)

• Ruler should work for the public and maintain peace

  • Princes should read ancient and contemporary works, pagans and christians

Thomas More

• bridging of medieval and modern worlds

  • very pious

  • Utopia - Book about communal living

    • society, not individual, needs improving

    • Says the peasants are better off as farm animals

    • Said society awarded the lazy people

    • Doesn't believe in private property

    • Mental health > money and material possessions

    • People are dying

  • died for his beliefs- held in the tower of london in 1535

art of the northern renaissance

focussed more on everyday life

Peter Bruegel the Elder

Rembrant

goals of new monarchs

• New Monarchs = wanted to centralize power

  • taxes

  • more bureaucarcy / committees

  • laws

  • standing armies

  • take power away from the aristocracy

    • alliances with the middle class, appointed nobes of the robe who bought there way into nobility

  • controlled warfare

  • control over religion/clergy

new monarchs in France

• France needed to recover from the 100 yrs war

• Louis I had strategic marriages

• concordat of Bologna

Concordat of Bologna (yr and what)

1516

Francis I vs. Leo X

• king control over appointing clergy w. approval

• limited papal authority but pope can collect money

context for Henry VIII’s reign

• war of the roses = dispute over throne (York v lancaster)

• tudors gained the throne = king Henry VIII, who went on to create the anglican church

star chamber

A royal court in England, established by Henry VII, that dealt with issues of law and order and aimed to reduce the power of the nobility. It was known for its secrecy and use of arbitrary justice.

Henry VIII

• Opposed Martin Luther, Catholic pope named him defender of the faith

• Catherine of Aragon —- Henry VIII

  • Wants annulment (to void marriage) but Catherine’s family (spanish monarchs) pressure pope so he denies the annulment

  • Henry VIII makes Ann Boleyn pregnant, marries her

• Created the Anglican Church to annul and marry Ann Boleyn

• Treason act made it illegal to not recognize church of england as official religion

act of uniformity

1558

English subjects had to attend Anglican Church services once per week or fined

who brought back the Church of England after Mary Tudor?

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I

• brought back Anglican church

• “virgin queen”

• politique

• defeated the Spanish Armada (refused Philip V)

• executed Mary queen of Scots

new monarchs in russia

• • #1 Ivan III, Ivan the Great- declared Russia “third Rome” + married niece of last byzantine emperor

    • streltsy = military service class

  • Ivan IV = the terrible, hated the nobles

    • killed his heir in rage → 30 years of foreign invasion + turmoil

new monarchs in spain + what they did

• created in marriage of Isabella (Castile) and Ferdinand (Aragon)- parents of Catherine of Aragon, future wife to King Henry VIII

• 1478 Spanish inquisition- wanted to create a national identity

• reconquista - expelling muslims

• 1492- expelled jews

• sponsored exploration (ie. Columbus)

• Charles I inherited

• Spain = richest, has access to wealth from the new world

Jean Bodin

French

thought best secular state was one where monarchs rule absolutely

ruled by divine right

new technology for first wave imperialism ~1492

• astrolabe/quadrant time keeping, astronomy, naviagtion accurate latitude

• caravels- light maneuverable craft

• lateen sail triangular sail = tacking the direction of the wind

• maps and the geographically (ptolemy’s technique)

• Gerardus Mercator created globes and 3D representations in a 2D surface

Portugal’s success + one person in particular

• Henry the Navigator opened navigation school

• Vasco de gama made it around the cape of good hope, got Indian spices = 1000% profit

• established a trading post empire (did not settle much)

• dominated Indian ocean trade

Treaty of Tordesillas

• 1494

• W for Spain and E for portugal

• by pope Alexander VI

Spain’s success in the americas

• Columbus went to the americas 4x

• Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs

  • Smallpox and measles killed many aztecs

  • Alliances w aztec enemies – just came out of a civil war

  • Francisco Pizarro - works for Cortes, realizes Cortes is getting gold, so goes on his own expedition

    • Captured Inca leader Atahualpa + held him for ransom, killed him

      • Fills the room with gold, still killed

      • Cuzco fell in 1533

• Ferdinand Magellan- first to circumnavigate the world, acc Portuguese but sailed for the spanish

• St Francis Xavier- Jesuit who established christianity in Japan, Indonesia, and india

encomienda system

settlers given grants of land in return for spreading ChristianityorB

Bartolome de las Casas

Dominican monk and advocate for the natives

Casta system

enforced by spain in the americas

• Peninsulares: born in spain

• Criollos: spaniards born in the americas

• Macizos: spanish/native blood

• Mulatos: spanish/african blood

• Indigenous americans

• Enslaved africans

Amerigo Vespucci

discovered America?

France’s success in the w

• Claimed North America and Canada

• Samuel de Champlain claimed first major settlement in Quebec

• Cared more about trade > colonies

  • Fur trade: Alliance with the huron confederacy

England’s success in the americas

• Settler colonies with the goal of English people moving and settling there

• Mostly the atlantic coast of North america + caribbean

• Tobacco trade

Netherlands in the americas

tobacco trade

• Trade > colonies

Focus: compete with portuguese in the indian ocean)

what was the columbian exchange

• columbian exchange = diffusion of goods and ideas across the atlantic

• things the new world “got”

  • crops = tomatoes, cocoa, tobacco, corn, potatoes, peanuts, rice, wheat, sugar cane

  • $$ = gold and silver

  • animals = horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, honey bees

  • diseases = syphilis, measles, small pox, typhus, malaria

    • killed native populations (The Great Dying decreases population by 90%)

Miguel de Montaigne

used this exposure to criticise European customs (possibly inspiration of de Las casas)

causes of the slave trade

• Plantation economy in the colonies of the new world

  • Bc of mercantilism

  • Born in warm areas

  • Cash crops = sugarcane, coffee

    • $$ for parent economies

• Forced natives to do work

  • Knew terrain so they could escape

  • Kept dying from diseases

treatment of African slaves when they came

• Turned to africa for slaves to replaces natives, huge demand

  • Already had a decent amount of immunity

  • Didn’t know the land as well

  • Africans of higher status sold African slaves

    • Out of fear, for self preservation, for profit

    • So Europeans wouldn’t get malaria

    • They knew the home terrain better

    • Captured from homes

  • Africans crammed into the hull of huge ships

    • More people = more money

    • They knew most people would not survived

    • Brutal middle passage

      • Took 2-6 weeks to cross

social change as a result of commercial revolution

• 1450-1800

• commercial revolution = acceleration of global trade

  • led to population increase to higher than pre-plague levels

  • more importance on capital > feudal structure of society

• rise of a new class

  • new class of independent farmers focussed on producing for the market (genry, berghers, etc)

    • land no longer only for your own survival (subsistence farming) but for a profit

      • Solution to infertile land= crop rotation

        • Mediterranean = 2 field system

        • Northern europe = 3 field system

          • Fallow land could replenish (cows graze and poop)

  • guilds

Bank of Amsterdam

• commercial dominance of the Netherlands, usary no longer an issue (interest)

  • money economy (not rlly trade)

    • double-entry bookeeping: all the debits in one coumn, all the credits in the other

economic effects of commercial revolution

• rise of capitalism (ppl want to bypass the guilds)

• putting out system - give raw materials for families to work on at home

• new goods like coffee, sugar → coffeehouses

joint-stock companies

Dutch East India Co and British East India Co

people invest in them, arguable most profitable companies ever

Adam Smith

wealth of nations in 1776

championed mercantilism/free trade/laissez-faire

mercanitilism

there is a set amount of wealth in the world

dependent on bullion

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

france’s controller general → incentivize local Econ

• aims to create policies in France that enabled French industry to create everything that people needed so they didn't have to import these goods from elsewhere

• No domestic tariff (tax on imported goods), incentivized people to buy france’s products

• Believed that the more ships france had, the more power they had

effect of bullion from the colonies

price revolution 1550s-1650s

Jethro Tull

invented the seed drill 1701

enclosure movement + who rebelled

• 1450-1860

• Enclosure movement replaces feudal relations:

  • Justified through appeals to “improvement.”

  • Starts in England, spreads to rest of Europe.

  • Displaced peasants → urban poor and wage laborers.

    • Made landowners richer

  • Met with resistance (e.g., Kett’s Rebellion).

  • Productivity does increase before 19th century.

  • Mercantilism →capitalism

    • Martin Luther condemned the peasans

effects of enclosure

• Serfs more free and moved to the cities

  • Not always good

  • Western Europe, but in the East, rights restricted

    • Peasant revolts

• Urban migration: strain on city’s resources

  • v. crammed

  • Caused plague and tuberculosis to spread

  • Urban poverty (job shortage)

• Family structures changing

  • More marriages after the black plague

  • Little ice age: agricultural class= later marrying, less healthy kids

simony

buying and selling church positions

nepotism

church offices if you’re related

indulgences

buy salvation or get loved ones out of purgatory

sold by Johan Tetzel to pay for Saint Peters basilica

Martin Luther’s main issue w the church

indulgences

said that salvation is free

church: earned by faith and good works

• sola scriptura

  • priesthood of ALL believers

95 Theses

Wittenberg church door

1517

didn’t mean to make it a new religion

effect

On trial at Diet of Worms

burned papal bull, got excommunicated

Frederick III saved him → weaken the pope

how did Luther spread his ideas

preached in germn

vernacular bible
PRINTING PRESS and pamphlets

Jan Hus

first christian reformer

John wycliffe

morning star of protestant reformation

John Calvin

• 1540, gave the Reformation a “boost”

  • salvation by faith alone, only two sacraments

  • predestination, became popular with middle + higher class who though they were the elect

  • became leader of Geneva, Switzerland + made theocracy

    • believes politics should regulate public behavior and uphold religion

    • Financial wealth = proper reward for hard work, as long as the elect didn’t allow money to become their God, being rich was good

      • Geneva and Amsterdam became very rich through this

  • church organization: doctors, pastors, deacons, elders

  • Genevan Academy in 1559 → student = John Knox, brought Calvinism to Scotland

anabaptists

• adult baptism

• anti-war

• separation of church and state

Massacre of Vassy

1562

• Duke of Guise (Henry) ordered Huguenots to be killed during worship

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

1572

• Henry of Navarre (Huguenot)

• Catherine organized a massacre

War of the 3 Henrys

• Henry III and Henry of Navarre team up to assassinate Henry of Guise

• monk kills Henry III

• Henry of Navarre → Henry IV (Paris is worth a mass)

Henry III

• catholic (Valois)

• king at the time

  • mom = Catherine de medici

Henry of Navarre

• leader of the Bourbon family

• married to Henry III’s sister

• later becomes Henry IV

Henry Duke of Guise

Catholic, wants Catholics to rule france

Edict of Nantes

• 1598

  • by Henry IV (politique)

• religious toleration of the Huguenots

30 Years’ War Cause

• Defenestration of Prague (1618)

Frederick I (Calvinist) shut down Lutheran church in Bohemia

Lutherans threw Frederick’s officials out the window

Peace of Augsburg

• 1555

• Princes in the HRE chose the religion of their domains (Lutheran or Catholic)

Bohemian phase

• 1618-1625

  • Catholics won HRE Ferdinand II defeated Frederick I at the Battle of White Mountain

• Protestant union vs. catholic leage

Danish Phase

• now a transnational war

• 1625-1630

  • Protestant king of Denmark, Christian, defeatedSwe

Danish Phase

• 1630-1635

• Beyond the borders of the HRE

• Gustavus Adolphus (protestant) was a brilliant strategist

  • funding for protestant cause from Cardinal Richelieu (French wanted to diminish Habsburg power)

French phase

• 1635-1648

  • French only care about weakening Spanish Habsburg’s

Peace of Westphalia

• 1648

• ended the 30 Years war

• ended the 80 years war against the Spanish and the Dutch (made the Netherlands independent)

• marked the end of Europe’s religious wars

• hastened the decline of the HRE

• included calvinists

Catholic / counter Reformation causes

• responding to the protestants

  • make people more motivated and not lose them to the protestants

Roman Inquisition

Catholics executing heretics

1542 Pope Paul III

Index of Prohibited Books

included Galileo, Erasmus, Luther, etc.

Council of Trent

• 1545-1563

• led by Pope Paul III

• surpassed Simone, forbade indulgences, strengthened celibacy and schools for priests

• reaffirmed transubstantiated, authority of the Pope

  • cemented division in Christianity

female orders

Carmelite order by St Teresa of Avila → povertyJ

Jesuits

• vows of poverty and chastity

  • mission trips, Japan

• Ignatius de Loyola

social hierarchies in protestant reformation

• rise of the merchant elite (now upward mobility)

  • land ownership still important (ie. House of Lords v. House of Commons)

• no religious toleration

• women had to submit to their husbands, excluded from political life

  • querelle des femmes → fit to go to university?

• Luther still said wife had to be obedient

• NUCLEAR FAMILY

• secular authorities regulate public behavior

  • carnival

• st’s day

• more flood sports

who were the only ones to let women be preacers

anabaptists

public humilitation during reformation

• flogging w a whip

• the stocks

• charivari

witchcraft craze

• 1580-1680

• evidence of the pact of the devil

• women not a morally good.strong, more susceptible to the devil

• after targeted widows

• would have to strip naked

• executed

• scapegoating as a means to regain control

renaissance art

mannerism

vibrant color, musculature

reformation art

• Baroque = catholic reformation art

• ornate, dramatic (contrast barren and muted protestant)

• shows power

• Peter Paul Reubens

Ulrich Zwingli

• against transubstantiation

  • Calvinist ruler in Zurich

• followers smashed organs, painted churches white

revolts against Phillip II

of spain

• Protestants in the Netherlands led by William of Orange (later became English king

  • iconoclastic revolts in 1566

Union of Utretch

formed by 7 northern provinces (Dutch speaking) against Spain, aided by Queen Elizabeth I →naval support, Sir Francis Drake pirate