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cytoskeleton
gives the cell its shape, allows the cell to organize its components, produces large-scale movements (muscle cxn, cell movement)
microtubules, actin, intermediate
the cytoskeleton is made of networks of 3 different filaments: list them
dynamic
the cytoskeleton is _______. This property of the cytoskeleton makes sense for the efficiency of assembly & disassembly of parts as necessary, rather than relying on large proteins
phosphorylation/dephosphorylation
the cytoskeleton is made of dynamic polymers. how would a cell regulate polymer dynamics? __________/___________
reversibly, non covalently
do the subunits of polymers associate non reversibly or reversibly? do subunits of cytoskeleton polymers interact covalently or non covalently?
intermediate
_________ filaments are the strongest, most stable elements of the cytoskeleton
intermediate
the cell needs help withstanding mechanical stress applied to it & withstand tensile strength. what filament primarily helps with this?
no
are intermediate filaments found in plants & fungi?
plectin
proteins like _____ link intermediate filaments to other structures in the cell- forming a scaffold
deformed/damaged
mutation in intermediate filaments would most likely result in what kind of cell phenotype?
cytoplasm
intermediate filaments are either specific to the cytoplasm or the nucleus. keratins, vimetin, and neurofilaments are found in the _______
epithelia
where are intermediate filaments “keratins” found specifically?
connective tissue, muscles
where are the intermediate filaments “vimentin” found specifically?
nerve cells
where are the intermediate filaments “neurofilaments” found?
animal cells
where are the intermediate filaments “nuclear lamins” found?
alpha helix, N, C
the intermediate filament monomer consists of a ______ rod, and an amino terminal domain at the ____ term, and carboxy terminal domain at the ____ term
no
Can intermediate filaments bind nucelotides?
polar, unpolar
coiled-coil dimers are _______ (polar/unpolar), while tetramer of two coiled-coil dimers is ______ (polar/unpolar)
2, 4
a tetramer is made of ___ dimers, _____ monomers
32
8 tetramers = a growing filament, which is ____ monomers
T
T/F a tetramer is non polar; symmetric
cellular factors
intermediate filament tail domains can extend from the filament and cross link them, or bind
conserved, crosslinking
in intermediate filaments, the central rod/coiled coil domain is _______, but flanking N & C terminal regions can mediate _____
metastatic
in cancer cells, tissue expression of Intermediate filament proteins is used for determining if cancer is ______ or not
keratins
_________ are intermediate filaments expressed in epithelial cells
desmosomes
the sites of cell-cell interaction at which keratins are attached to the membrane are called __________, which aid in mechanical durability
lateral
in addition to mechanical stress, keratins provide tissues w/ protection against _____ shear forces
keratin
in a mutant, mechanical forces induce splitting of epithelial cell layers, leading to the formation of skin blisters. what is mutated?
nuclear membrane
nuclear lamins form a tough network of filaments within the nucleus, just underneath the _________ _________
chromosomes, interphase
lamins also provide an attachment site for ________ during _______ (which phase), and likely contribute to gene expression
depolymerized, dephosphorylated
nuclear lamins are dissassembled via ____________ during mitosis, causing the nuclear envelope to break down, enabling access to _______ during mitosis
lamin
mutation in _____ genes results in altered gene expression
phosphorylated, dephospohroylated
nuclear lamins are induced to disassemble when ________ during mitosis, and induced to assemble when ________
no
do intermediate filaments have motor proteins?
