Exam 4 Notes on First Aid and Elderly Care

These flashcards cover key concepts from the exam notes on first aid and elderly care to aid in studying and exam preparation.

What is first aid?

Immediate initial assistance given to a person ill or injured.

What is triage?

The process of classifying a group of patients according to severity of injury and need of care.

Who are treated first in triage?

Patients with a threat to life, vision, and limb.

What do Good Samaritan laws protect?

Health professionals from legal liability when providing emergency first aid.

What are the two main purposes of CPR?

To keep blood circulating to vital organs and to keep the airway open.

What does CAB stand for in emergencies?

Circulation, Airway, Breathing.

What is considered an immediate life-threatening situation?

Abnormal circulation.

What should be assessed in pulse/circulation?

Rate, rhythm, and strength of the carotid pulse.

How do you check circulation in infants?

Check the brachial artery inside the upper inner arm.

What maneuver is used to open the airway?

Head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver.

What is rescue breathing?

Giving breaths at a rate of one every 6-8 seconds for an individual with a pulse but abnormal breathing.

What is clinical death?

Heartbeat and respiration stop, reversible with CPR within 4 minutes.

What is biological death?

Permanent cellular damage from lack of oxygen.

What indicates brain death?

Irreversible loss of brain stem function.

What is anaphylactic shock?

A severe allergic reaction causing airway spasms and cardiovascular collapse.

What should you do if a victim shows signs of shock?

Establish an airway, control bleeding, and provide fluid replacement.

How should a patient be positioned during shock?

Supine with legs elevated 6-12 inches.

What is the treatment for bleeding?

Direct pressure over the wound.

What causes epistaxis?

Direct trauma, infections, high blood pressure, or dry humidity.

What are signs of internal bleeding?

Dizziness, hemoptysis, hematemesis, and melena.

What should you do for a closed wound?

Apply ice and observe for shock.

What is a puncture wound?

A piercing wound into the skin often forcing dirt and microorganisms deep into the tissues.

What are common signs of a sprain?

Pain, tenderness, immobility, and discoloration around the joint.

What is the appropriate intervention for lacerations?

Clean with irrigation and apply pressure to control bleeding.

What are the assessment signs of a stroke?

Hemiplegia, dysarthria, dysphagia, and aphasia.

What is the leading cause of accidental death in older adults?

Falls.

What is polypharmacy?

The use of five or more medications.

What does dehydration in older adults lead to?

Decreased kidney function and increased urinary incontinence.

What are nursing interventions for a patient with dysphagia?

Thicken liquids and position upright.

What is heat exhaustion?

Excessive perspiration without rehydration, leading to loss of salt and water.

What is the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke?

Heat exhaustion is due to excessive perspiration; heat stroke occurs when the body temperature exceeds 106°F and perspiration fails.

What are common signs of dementia?

Loss of memory, disorientation, language difficulties, and impaired motor skills.

What characterizes Alzheimer's disease?

Progressive memory loss and atrophy of the brain.

What should you monitor for in patients taking antihypertensives?

Hypotension and changes in heart rate or rhythm.

What causes osteoporosis?

Loss of bone density, particularly common in older women due to decreased estrogen.

What is the recommended calcium intake for older women?

1200-2000 mg daily.

What psychological theories explain aging?

Programmed aging, genetic factors, wear and tear, and Erikson’s developmental stages.

How do you assess for nursing home resident needs?

Use the Minimum Data Set (MDS) for individualized care plans.

What are common signs and symptoms of fluid overload?

Edema, elevated blood pressure, and distended neck veins.

What is the goal of rehabilitation post-stroke?

Support of life functions and reintegration into daily activities.

What interventions are important for preventing falls?

Assistive devices, proper lighting, and removing tripping hazards.

What is the purpose of a home health assessment?

To evaluate physical, functional, and supportive needs of older adults.

What essential nutrients should older adults focus on?

High fiber and adequate hydration.

What are signs of anxiety in older adults?

Increased restlessness, changes in behavior, and difficulty concentrating.

What interventions are crucial for managing chronic pain in older adults?

Medication management, physical therapy, and alternative treatments.

What is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among older adults?

Heart disease.

How often should blood pressure be monitored in older adults?

Every 2 years for those over 50.

What are the nutritional needs for older adults?

1500 ml of fluids daily and a balanced diet.

What are the common changes in skin and nails due to aging?

Dryness, loss of elasticity, and slower healing.

What are standard interventions for managing constipation in older adults?

Increased fluids, fiber intake, and regular physical activity.

What is the effect of medications on older adults?

Increased sensitivity and risk of adverse effects due to altered metabolism.

What are common signs of dehydration in older adults?

Dry mouth, low urine output, and confusion.

What are the behavioral changes seen in delirium?

Restlessness, agitation, and personality shifts.

What should be monitored in patients taking anticoagulants?

Signs of unusual bleeding and bruising.

What are significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Age, genetics, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking.

What is the significance of the Apgar score?

Assessment of newborn health immediately after birth.

What are the nursing considerations when caring for patients with Parkinson's disease?

Maintain mobility, monitor medication effects, and ensure a safe environment.

What is the role of the ombudsman in long-term care facilities?

To advocate for residents' rights and ensure compliance with regulations.

How does aging affect sensory perception?

Decreased vision, hearing, taste, and touch sensitivity.

What type of interventions are needed for incontinence care?

Bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, and lifestyle modifications.

What are signs of ineffective coping mechanisms in older adults?

Withdrawal from social activities, increased anxiety, and dependency.

What is acute renal failure?

A sudden decline in kidney function affecting waste elimination.

What precautions should be taken for patients suffering from hypothermia?

Gradual warming and monitoring for signs of rewarming shock.

What interventions are effective in managing osteoarthritis?

Medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications.

What is Alzheimer's disease?

A progressive brain disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.

What health assessments are recommended for older adults?

Regular screenings for blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and cancers.

What is the benefit of patient education in older adults?

Empowers patients to manage their health and adherence to treatments.

How often should seniors have vision and hearing checks?

At least once a year.

What is consider normal aging in terms of skin changes?

Increased dryness and slower healing.

What nutritional interventions are important for managing diabetes in older adults?

Balanced diet with careful carbohydrate management.

What are common complications after hospitalization in older adults?

Delirium, falls, and pressure ulcers.

In which condition is a patient's airway most at risk?

When the patient is unconscious or semi-conscious.

What is the primary goal in conducting a geriatric assessment?

To evaluate the functional status and service needs of older adults.

How do drugs affect the elderly differently than younger adults?

Older adults may experience prolonged effects and side effects due to metabolic changes.

What role does physical activity play in maintaining health in older adults?

Improves mobility, balance, and mental health.

What considerations should be taken when discussing end-of-life care with older patients?

Respecting their wishes and ensuring comfort.

What are critical signs of stroke to recognize quickly?

Facial drooping, arm weakness, and speech difficulties.

What is the most important consideration when administering medications to the elderly?

To reduce dosages to prevent potential toxicity.

What lifestyle changes are recommended for reducing blood pressure?

Dietary adjustments, exercise, and stress management.

What are the common signs of heart failure in older adults?

Shortness of breath, fatigue, and edema.

What is the initial step in responding to a suspected stroke?

Call emergency services immediately.

What is the standard intervention for a patient with hypertension?

Lifestyle modifications and possible medication.

How can nursing staff minimize risks associated with polypharmacy?

Regular medication reviews and patient education.

What intervention is priority when caring for patients with falls history?

Assess home environment for safety hazards.

What defines cardiogenic shock?

Impaired heart function leads to inadequate blood circulation.

What is the importance of heart rate monitoring in the older adult?

To observe for arrhythmias and blood flow adequacy.

What should be included in the care plan for patients with cognitive impairment?

Structured routines and clear communication.

What should be done if a choking victim cannot cough?

Perform abdominal thrusts until successful or unconscious.

What is the expected outcome of CPR initiated within 4 minutes of cardiac arrest?

Possible reversal of clinical death.

How often should older adults engage in physical activity?

30 minutes daily or 150 minutes weekly.

What can happen with prolonged immobility?

Increased risk of pressure ulcers and blood clots.

How to promote healthy eating habits in older adults?

Provide assistance with meal prep and offer diverse food choices.

What tool is used for assessing nutritional status in older adults?

Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA).

What is the typical behavior change in patients with neurocognitive disorders?

Increased confusion, agitation, and withdrawal.

How to support a patient's emotional well-being in palliative care?

Encourage family interaction and provide empathetic listening.

What is the best practice for monitoring vital signs in older adults?

Regularly and as per facility protocol.

When should physical therapy be initiated post-surgery?

Usually within 48-72 hours following the surgical procedure.

What should be monitored in patients with respiratory issues?

Respiratory rate, effort, and lung sounds.

What is a common comfort measure for pain management in elderly patients?

Use of heat or cold therapy.

What should visitors be aware of in long-term care facilities?

Regulations regarding resident privacy and rights.