N363 Midterm Exam Questions

Which of these examples characterizes the foundation on which nursing care delivery should be delivered?

a) the nurse being satisfied with their initial educational level.

b) The nurse leading change within the workplace to advance to practice and care.

c) The nurse instructing a mentee that culture and diversity are not as important as other aspects of health care.

d) The nurse not having the time to find and read peer-reviewed articles due to a heavy patient load.

b) The nurse leading change within the workplace to advance to practice and care.

The ACA and the IOM/RWJF and Carnegie Foundation reports are national movements to:

a) reaffirm current nursing practice

b) ignore current nursing practice

c) transform current nursing practice

d) eliminate current nursing practice

c) transform current nursing practice

A nurse is seeking a research article to use as the underpinning for an adjustment in the way care is given. An example of a research article is a manuscript that provides a(n):

a) an overview of how to provide care.

b) discussion of the method used for the research along with recommendations

c) discussion of a case study without any recommendations

d) overview of guidelines for a particular type of case.

b) discussion of the method used for the research along with recommendations

Which aspect of inquiry strives to produce new, innovative knowledge?

a) Research

b) Evidence-based practice

c) QI
d) Critical Thinking

a) Research

A problem-focused trigger would generate which of the following PICOT statements?

a) Registered nurses have less work stress than other healthcare providers.

b) Adult cardia patients involved in bedside rounding compared to multidisciplinary rounding have an increased understanding of their treatment plan

c) Palliative care patients enjoy music therapy more than pet therapy when provided by their family members

d) Registered nurses can use any nursing theorist to provide sound care

b) Adult cardia patients involved in bedside rounding compared to multidisciplinary rounding have an increased understanding of their treatment plan

Which of these PICOT questions or statements demonstrates effective development?

a) what type of care is best used for pediatric patients?

b) nurses prefer 12-hour shifts to 8-hour shifts to allow more time with family

c) Individuals using saline for hep-lock flushes have fewer complications.

d) Hospitalized children have less stress and heal more quickly when allowed to use play therapy in comparison to pet therapy while recovering from surgery

d) Hospitalized children have less stress and heal more quickly when allowed to use play therapy in comparison to pet therapy while recovering from surgery

You are a BSN-prepared nurse who wants to initiate a research project in your unit. TO get the other nurses to participate, who should you strive to get involved initially in the project?

a) Physicians

b) Administrative personnel

c) Peers on your unit

d) Colleagues from your nursing program

c) Peers on your unit

Which of these aspects of THE IOM Future of Nursing 2020-2030 most impacts nursing’s EBP?

a) Joining an interdisciplinary team to provide a culture of care in practice

b) Practicing the nurse’s disaster planning role for both natural and manmade emergencies

c) Researching nurse’s best practices to eliminate health disparities in the community

d) Collaborating with an interdisciplinary team to build a culture of health

c) Researching nurse’s best practices to eliminate health disparities in the community

What strategy best supports the consistent implementation of an EBP?

a) Foundational nursing education clinicals and acute care experiences

b) Empowering nurse mentors in a single-unit healthcare setting

c) Monitoring nursing students’ journal club entries to compare

d) EBP coursework that increases EBP behaviors in clinical practice

d) EBP coursework that increases EBP behaviors in clinical practice

What EBP competency verifies the results to be considered for nursing practice?

a) appraising the validity, reliability, strengths, and weakness of the evidence

b) developing sound clinical questions using the PICOT format for readmissions

c) de-implementing the outcome if there is no benefit to patient-centered care

d) integrating the evidence with the nurse’s clinical expertise for optimal outcomes

a) appraising the validity, reliability, strengths, and weakness of the evidence

What type of methodology best serves a nurse in a PhD program with a clinical question related to the stories of older adults who survived the COVID-19 virus post respirator care?

a) Mixed-methodology study

b) Quantitative study

c) Qualitative study

d) Quality improvement project

c) Qualitative study

Which action best supports an interdisciplinary team in achieving quality improvement benchmarks?

a) Dedicated supervision sessions by a range of clinical and ancillary staff

b) Affirming a collaborative approach to dividing the workload based on expertise

c) Setting up a journal club after hours to engage all interested healthcare providers

d) Conducting an interview with applicants from a variety of clinical areas

b) Affirming a collaborative approach to dividing the workload based on expertise

What source of evidential material would a nurse scrutinize to determine how a self-governed nursing unit can have less absenteeism and increased nurse resilience in providing patient-centered care?

a) Staffing patterns for shorter shifts within employee and ancillary health services

b) A case study determining the uniqueness of the nursing staff situation

c) Quality improvement project reports conducted on the same 8 unit 8 years earlier

d) Questionnaires with items on accountability and responsibility for staff members

d) Questionnaires with items on accountability and responsibility for staff members

What is the nurse’s best response to a peer who asks, “Why do we have so many nurses who don’t understand an evidence-based practice?”

a) “Let’s problem-solve the associated barriers to EBP to make needed changes.”

b) “There are graduates with insufficient coursework on EBP in many schools.”

c) “We simply cannot implement evidence-based practices with our everyday workloads.”

d) “The nursing management here will not get behind an EBP due to time constraints.”

a) “Let’s problem-solve the associated barriers to EBP to make needed changes.”

What does the GRADE system provide when critiquing the level of evidence for inclusion into practice?

a) The tool has several classifications for levels of mixed method studies

b) Clinicians easily level their discipline-specific theories for practice initiatives

c) The system relates to many tools applicable to diverse clinical settings

d) The quality of the research evidence is ensured to develop clinical practice guidelines

d) The quality of the research evidence is ensured to develop clinical practice guidelines

What is the up-to-date quality of evidence practice that serves to impact the outcomes and costs for guideline, protocols, and clinical pathways?

a) forensic science pathways on judgements and decisions making evidence dominant

b) the use of the standardization process based on the highest level of evidence

c) Documents from regulatory agencies that relate to a diversity of healthcare practices

d) expert opinions from three well-published, significant, politically astute nurse leaders

b) the use of the standardization process based on the highest level of evidence

The research role of the BSN nurse includes:

a) Identifying clinical problems that require investigation, assisting experienced investigators to gain access to clinical sites, and collecting data

b) creating a climate in the practice setting that promotes scholarly inquiry, scientific integrity, and scientific investigation of clinical nursing problem

c) collaborating with experienced investigators in proposal development, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of results

d) providing leadership in integrating research into practice

a) Identifying clinical problems that require investigation, assisting experienced investigators to gain access to clinical sites, and collecting data

Potential areas of nursing research identified by the national institute of Nursing Research include:

a) stem cell research

b) application of pharmaceuticals in clinical practice

c) chronic illness, health promotion, disease prevention, and end-of-life care

d) healthcare literacy

c) chronic illness, health promotion, disease prevention, and end-of-life care

In which year was the first issue of Nursing Research published?

a) 1858

b) 1952

c) 1985

d) 1992

b) 1952

The Nursing Studies Index, the first annotated index of nursing research, was the work of

a) Florence Nightingale

b) Virginia Henderson

c) Marita Titler

d) Dorothea Orem

b) Virginia Henderson

The American Nurses Association position statement acknowledges that:

a) researchers identify clinical problems and study them

b) Faculty members identify clinical problems and study them

c) clinicians identify clinical problems and researcher design them

d) faculty members and researchers identify clinical problems and study them

c) clinicians identify clinical problems and researcher design them

Clinical pathways are developed by:

a) nursing teams

b) physicians

c) educator teams

d) multidisciplinary teams

d) multidisciplinary teams

A bundle is a group of interventions related to a disease or care process that:

a) results in better outcomes than when the interventions are implemented together

b) results in diverse outcomes when the interventions are implemented individually

c) results in confusing information about a single disease or care process

d) provides insufficient evidence to alter clinical practice related to individualized interventions

a) results in better outcomes than when the interventions are implemented together

Professional care models give nurses:

a) accountability

b) authority

c) responsibility

d) all of these

d) all of these

Best practice is an excellent example of which kind of testing?

a) cognitive

b) reality

c) didactic

d) evaluation

b) reality

Basic research is also known as bench research and is defined as research to gain knowledge for:

a) use in academia

b) use in clinical practice

c) knowledge’s sake

d) use in biochemistry

c) knowledge’s sake

Applied research builds a body of knowledge for nursing practice because it is the basis of:

a) EBP

b) clinical pathways

c) nursing processes

d) nursing diagnoses

a) EBP

Sources for nursing research come primarily from which two sources?

a) business and occupational settings

b) academic and healthcare settings

c) urban and rural settings

d) pharmaceutical and business settings

b) academic and healthcare settings

Best practices in nursing can be defined as:

a) a well-written plan of nursing care

b) a systems approach to nursing care

c) nursing actions that produce desirable patient outcomes

d) a way for nurses to justify their care

c) nursing actions that produce desirable patient outcomes

The Institute of Medicines publication Keeping Patients Safe focuses on:

a) building a safer health system

b) process to report medication errors

c) transforming the work environment for nurses

d) health care reform

c) transforming the work environment for nurses

Theories are:

a) a guide for research and practice

b) considered to be specific explanations of an idea

c) not essential to research or EBP

d) Static and do not change over time

a) a guide for research and practice

QA/QI data are now considered:

a) valid research to guide practice

b) considered to be specific explanations of an idea

c) not essential to research or EBP

d) static and do not change over time

b) considered to be specific explanations of an idea

The research process allows for:

a) the best method to address the problems

b) little comparison of outcomes

c) limited measures of evaluation

d) unlimited to any practice

a) the best method to address the problems

The management of quality care is known by several different names. Which of the following names is not used when discussing quality improvement?

a) quality assurance

b) continuous improvement

c) managed care

d) quality improvement

c) managed care

What two federal funding sources helped to advance the efforts of quality improvement in 1965?

a) Title XVIII and Title XIX

b) Affordable Care Act and Medicaid

c) Title XIX and Title XX

d) Advancement in insurance and Title XVIII

a) Title XVIII and Title XIX

What agency was successful in launching national goals and priorities for healthcare quality, resulting in having their own endorsement viewed as the “gold standard” for healthcare performance measures?

a) leapfrog Group

b) National Quality Forum (NQF)

c) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRG)

d) American Nurses Association (ANA)

b) National Quality Forum (NQF)

What are the three aims encompassed within the current expectations for quality and performance improvement as established by the National Quality Strategy?

a) Better care for all members of society, healthy people living in healthy communities, and affordable care for all

b) Continuing care for selected members, healthy people living in rural communities, and prohibitive care for the upper levels of the population

c) Management of costs for health care, adequate nursing staff to care for the population, and equality for rural and urban communities

c) Appropriate care for selected members, individualized care for rural communities, and inexpensive outpatient care

a) Better care for all members of society, healthy people living in healthy communities, and affordable care for all

Which of these groups is not directly interested in advancing quality improvement efforts for the nation?

a) Accreditation and regulatory bodies

b) Medical specialty societies

c) State hospital associations

d) National academic regulatory bodies

d) National academic regulatory bodies

What strategy could be used to foster quality improvement within the acute healthcare setting?

a) Accommodating hospital leadership that takes an active role in the process

b) Establishing expectations for nursing staff only to seek quality as a shared responsibility

c) Requiring physicians and administration only to be accountable

d) Furnishing inapt and null resources to force the staff to take responsibility

a) Accommodating hospital leadership that takes an active role in the process

Which of the following characteristics is not part of the quantitative research design?

a) Randomization

b) Manipulation

c) Saturation

d) Control

c) Saturation

Which of the following is not an independent variable?
a) Outcome

b) Treatment

c) Intervention

d) Experiment

a) Outcome

Quantitative research is often identified with which method of gathering data?

a) Triangulation

b) Saturation

c) Ethnography

d) Scientific method

d) Scientific method

Non experimental design generate _____ for ______ designs.

a) answers; quasi-experimental

b) questions; experimental

c) solutions; quantitative

d) problems; experimental

b) questions; experimental

Which of the following is one of the most common and important characteristics of a quantitative design?

a) The dependent variable

b) The independent variable

c) Control

d) The relationship

c) Control

Manipulation of which variable is connected to control?

a) Independent

b) Dependent

c) Extraneous

d) Attribute

a) Independent

What does randomization help to eliminate?

a) Confounding data

b) ethics

c) Subjects

d) Bias

d) Bias

Generalization can ____ a study.

a) weaken

b) strengthen

c) shorten

d) lengthen

b) Strengthen

A comparative design has:

a) no manipulation and control of the dependent variable.

b) only measurement of the dependent variable.

c) no manipulation and control of the independent variable.

d) both B and C.

d) both B and C.

A correlational study looks at the:

a) cause of two or more variables.

b) relationship of two or more variables.

c) effect of two or more variables.

d) cause and the effect of two or more variables.

b) relationship of two or more variables.

Issues related to experimental design include:

a) manipulation of all variables, ethics, and feasibility.

b) the Hawthorne effect, ethics, and sample size.

c) treatments, interventions, and no manipulation of variables.

d) feasibility, the Hawthorne effect, and research questions

a) manipulation of all variables, ethics, and feasibility.

An example of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design is as follows (where R = randomization, O = measurement, and X = treatment):

a) R O X O

b) O X O

c) O O X O O

d) O O O X O O O

a) R O X O

Meta-analysis is the examination of multiple studies through statistical analysis to establish:

a) the nonexistence of bias.

b) new data sets for analysis.

c) the nonexistence of confounding variables.

d) correlation of the variables.

b) new data sets for analysis.

A quasi-experimental design is one in which the:

a) dependent variable is manipulated with randomization and a control group.

b) independent variable is manipulated with randomization and a control group.

c) independent variable is manipulated with no randomization and no control group.

d) dependent variable is manipulated with no randomization and no control group.

c) independent variable is manipulated with no randomization and no control group.

The initial baseline measurement in a nonequivalent control group is used to determine if the subjects assigned to the group are:

a) different.

b) equal.

c) bonded.

d) similar.

d) similar.

Which of the following is the research design that collects data at various intervals?

a) A long study

b) A time-series study

c) An experimental study

d) A nonexperimental study

b) A time-series study

What is an area of concern in a time-series design?

a) Randomization

b) Control

c) Manipulation

d) Maturation

d) Maturation

Some ways of controlling variables for nonexperimental or quasi-experimental designs are:

a) timing of test intervals and the setting

b) randomization of subjects and control groups

c) Flexible inclusion and exclusion criteria

d) Control of history and maturation

a) timing of test intervals and the setting

In EBP, a nurse using quantitative research for clinical decision making must be most knowledge about how:

a) to calculate statistics

b) to write research design applies to practice

c) the study design applies to practice

d) to design a research study

c) the study design applies to practice

Using research in practice requires the nurse to be most aware of:

a) a limited funding

b) generalizing of the results to current practice

c) exclusion of subjects

d) the credentials of the researcher

b) generalizing of the results to current practice

Quality improvement (QI) projects are considered:

a) the same as scientific inquiry

b) different from scientific inquiry

c) to focus on only patient satisfaction

d) a rigorous approach for research

b) different from scientific inquiry

Root cause analysis (RCA) had its origin in:

a) the dental industry

b) mechanical engineering

c) the military industry

d) the business industry

c) the military industry

In which year did the Joint Commission mandate RCAs?
a) 1967

b)1977

c)1987

d)1997

d)1997

Qualitative data explores which of the following characteristics of a phenomenon?

a) Frequency

b) Quantity

c) Quality

d) Intensity

c) Quality

Which of the following best illustrates the emic perspective in research?

a) Finding a quality of a phenomenon and looking for examples of the quality

b) Taking an outsider’s view of a phenomenon

c) Exploring the way members of a group view themselves

d) Validating perspectives about a group through discussion

c) Exploring the way members of a group view themselves

Which of the following types of studies is considered qualitative research?

a) Delphi technique

b) Cross-sectional design

c) Phenomenology

d) Survey

c) Phenomenology

Mixed methods research combines elements of which two methods?

a) Quantitative and qualitative

b) Transferability and trustworthiness

c) Prospective and retrospective

d) Phenomenology and ethnography

a) Quantitative and qualitative

A researcher explores the phenomenon of how nurses make decisions about when to discuss end-of-life issues with clients. From this research, a model is developed to explain the decision-making process. Which type of research does this represent?

a) Grounded theory

b) Ethnography

c) Phenomenology

d) Case study

a) Grounded theory

The extent to which a researcher can accurately and faithfully express the feelings and emotions of the study participants is a measure of which of the following concepts?

a) Credibility

b) Transferability

c) Authenticity

d) Dependability

c) Authenticity

A researcher conducts a study in which participants are asked to describe the lived experience of being a caregiver of a parent with Parkinson’s disease. Which type of qualitative study does this represent?

a) Constant comparison

b) Ethnography

c) Phenomenology

d) Case study

c) Phenomenology

Which of the following statements is true with regard to comparing qualitative and quantitative research methods?

a) Qualitative studies seek to generalize findings.

b) Qualitative studies don’t require evidence of reliability and validity.

c) Qualitative studies don’t allow for the use of computerized data analysis.

d) Qualitative research is often inductive in nature, whereas quantitative research is deductive in nature.

d) Qualitative research is often inductive in nature, whereas quantitative research is deductive in nature.

When writing a research project, the researcher describes in detail the audit trail used as conclusions about how data were drawn. Which criterion for reliability and validity was met?

a) Credibility

b) Transferability

c) Dependability

d) Confirmability

c) Dependability

When writing a research project, the researcher describes in detail the sample, setting, and data. Which criterion for reliability and validity was met?

a) Credibility

b) Transferability

c) Dependability

d) Confirmability

b) Transferability

When writing a research project, the researcher describes in detail how biases, assumptions, and personal perspectives were identified and set aside, or bracketed. Which criterion for reliability and validity was met?

a) Credibility

b) Transferability

c) Dependability

d) Confirmability

d) Confirmability

A researcher collecting data notices that she is beginning to hear the same things repeatedly and that no new themes are emerging. The researcher recognizes that which of the following has occurred?

a) Triangulation

b) Saturation

c) Quantizing

d) Redundancy

b) Saturation

Another term used within the literature for mixed methods design is:

a) quantitative design

b) qualitative design

c) multimethod design

d) experimental design

c) multimethod design

When a researcher endeavors to use mixed methods design to answer an identified research problem, the blending of the methods is based on:

a) combining the methods to capitalize on their strong points while negating their flaws.

b) combining the methods to blend both their strengths and their weaknesses.

c) separating the strengths from the weaknesses within the different designs.

d) separating the weaker method from the stronger method.

a) combining the methods to capitalize on their strong points while negating their flaws.

The research designs are merged within which sections of the report on the research project?

a) Introduction, sampling, and problem identification

b) Problem identification, data collection, and analysis

c) Sampling, data collection, and analysis

d) Introduction, data collection, and analysis

c) Sampling, data collection, and analysis

What is a primary reason the researcher might consider using mixed methods research?

a) The need to examine a problem that calls for real-life and contextual understanding of multilevel perspectives

b) Willingness to engage in the use of, and confidence in, one research method

c) Willingness for risk taking

d) Lack of confidence in qualitative methods

a) The need to examine a problem that calls for real-life and contextual understanding of multilevel perspectives

A nurse identifies individuals who seem to comply better with a treatment plan when several different teaching methods are used within the discharge-planning process. In developing a mixed methods design for researching which educational methods work best, a question concerning the type of data to be collected is confronted. Which of the following groups of data collection methods represents a mixed methods format?

a) Likert scale tool with a demographic component

b) Observation of teaching sessions with videotaping

c) Focus group discussion with audiotaping

d) Likert scale tool with focus group discussion

d) Likert scale tool with focus group discussion

The determination of the mixed methods design approach must address the meshing of the qualitative and quantitative methodologies through the use of which of the following criteria?

a) Implementation, prioritization, and integration

b) Implementation, analysis, and investigation

c) Analysis, prioritization, and integration

d) Collection, prioritization, and analysis

a) Implementation, prioritization, and integration

A researcher has elected to conduct a mixed methods research project. Within this project, the decision has been made to conduct the two types of data collection concurrently, with each type of data having equal weight within the analysis process. Based on these decisions, what must the researcher make sure is done for the reporting of the process?

a) Establish a team to aid in the management of the study.

b) Reevaluate the decision because quantitative research is the stronger method.

c) Ensure that confidentiality is maintained within the process.

d) Document the rationale for the decisions made within the process.

d) Document the rationale for the decisions made within the process.

Triangulation in mixed methods research is utilized for the purposes of supporting __________ validity.

a) criterion

b) convergent

c) construct

d) variable

b) convergent

The data collected in mixed methods research and the emphasis given to each type of data should be determined by the __________ and goals of the study.

a) source of funding

b) preference of the research team

c) research problem

d) literature

c) research problem

Qualitative research seeks to understand the ________________ interpretation of reality.

a) rigorous

b) relaxed

c) subjective

d) numerical

c) subjective

A primary reason for using mixed research methodologies is the opportunity to __________ that might otherwise be overlooked.

a) catch complexities

b) define concepts

c) describe new research problems

d) uncover opportunities

a) catch complexities

In mixed methods research, how is the collection of quantitative and qualitative data often treated?

a)Synchronously

b) Stringently

c) Independently

d) Statistically

a)Synchronously

An advantage of using a mixed methods design for a research study is to:

a) increase the biases associated with the use of two designs.

b) provide insight into the complexity of the problem under study.

c) impart generalizability to the findings of the study.

d) decrease the impartiality associated with the use of one design.

b) provide insight into the complexity of the problem under study.

Limitations related to the use of mixed methods strategies include the:

a) cost and additional time required.

b) extensive and comprehensive research questions involved.

c) veracity of the evidence provided.

d) complementary insights and perceptions provided.

a) cost and additional time required.

What type of research provides a comprehensive understanding of healthcare problems?

a) Mixed methods

b) Qualitative

c) Quantitative

d) Case study

a) Mixed methods

Which of the following methods is not considered qualitative data?

a) Photographs

b) Videotapes

c) Interviews

d) Surveys

d) Surveys

A qualitative descriptive approach is a process which:

a) draws qualitative techniques from more than one tradition.

b) uses a case study approach.

c) is longitudinal.

d) takes place over a short period of time.

a) draws qualitative techniques from more than one tradition.

When developing a nursing research project, why is it important to remember the ethical constraints?

a. The study will not be approved by the IRB without these constraints.

b. The protection of human subjects underlies all human research projects.

c. The results will not be trustworthy and replicable.

d. The nurse researcher will not be able to get funding for the project and therefore will not be able to complete the project.

b. The protection of human subjects underlies all human research projects.

The atrocities performed on prisoners in Nazi Germany violated which ethical principles?

a. Value of life, justice, and respect

b. Beneficence, nonmaleficence, and value of life

c. Autonomy, nonmaleficence, and respect

d. Justice, autonomy, and nonmaleficence

C.

Protection of vulnerable individuals is a critical ethical component in human research studies. How did Edward Jenner fail to meet this standard when he tested swinepox on his 1-year-old son?

a. He thought the new knowledge overrode any concern he should have for the rights of his son.

b. He did not know any better.

c. He ignored the point that he could not get informed consent from his son, who was particularly vulnerable.

d. He did not fail—given that smallpox was such a lethal disease at that time, it was better for Jenner to ignore his son’s vulnerability in order to gain new knowledge.

c. He ignored the point that he could not get informed consent from his son, who was particularly vulnerable.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study lasted many years, and non of the human subjects were properly informed about the study’s conduct. Which ethical principle was egregiously ignored in this study?

a. Autonomy

b. Respect

c. Nonmaleficence

d. Justice

a. Autonomy

Why do federal regulations specify that the makeup of the IRB should reflect cultural and gender diversity and an awareness of local mores?

a. This practice ensures that all research projects presented to the IRB will receive fair examination and will not be denied without discussion.

b. Gender studies have not been common until recently, and females react differently to different treatments.

c. Awareness of local customs and culture means that both IRB members and researchers understand issues of concern in a non-American population.

d. There is now great interest in researching healthcare issues in persons of different cultures.

a. This practice ensures that all research projects presented to the IRB will receive fair examination and will not be denied without discussion.

Why is it important that the researcher be competent to conduct research?

a. It is not ethically appropriate for an incompetent person to conduct research.

b. An incompetent researcher will not be able to get informed consent from the vulnerable subject, which is unethical.

c. An incompetent researcher should always work with someone who is competent so that he or she can learn the process.

d. Research is a complicated process that has to be learned.

a. It is not ethically appropriate for an incompetent person to conduct research.

What was the issue of greatest concern when developing a research project?

a. The competence of the researcher to do the research

b. The availability of funding

c. The protection of the vulnerable subject

d. Informed consent

c. The protection of the vulnerable subject

A certificate of confidentiality may be required to protect both the researched and the researcher. Why?

a. The nurse researcher will not thus lose his or her license to practice and do research because of the sensitive topic being researched.

b. If the research topic is particularly sensitive, this certificate protects patients from divulging issues uncomfortable to them.

c. The certificate protects the researcher and the researched from being coerced by governmental authorities to reveal sensitive information.

d. The certificate means that no information is shared with those who should not be informed.

c. The certificate protects the researcher and the researched from being coerced by governmental authorities to reveal sensitive information.

Why do research questions have to be developed carefully?

a. The wrong question for the study means the wrong answer.

b. Carefully developed and refined questions focus the research project.

c. Without careful development of the questions, the research results will be meaningless.

d. It is unethical not to develop questions carefully.

b. Carefully developed and refined questions focus the research project.