Anthropolgy 151 final

Evolutionary gastronomy

how obesity, lactose tolerance, and amylase persistance are are health issues from evolution. Paul and Elizabeth Rozin. John Allen

Food choice

rooted in culture, social status, taste preferences, evolutionary and neuro gastronomy, history, environment. Flavor/taste is culturally constructed and socially influenced. Historical changes in diet include domestication, fermentation, etc.

Culinary or Linguistic Relativity

languages and cultures are relative and can vary in their expression of what is important. (ex: flavors deemed important to various groups are taught and given names) dan jurafsky.

Social construction of taste

from memories, personal preferences, what is socially acceptable to eat, etc. Gordon shepherd and dan jurafsky?

Nostalgia, Tradition, Identity, Ownership, and Authenticity

all themes about food in this class and how people interact with it and feel about it.

Food Movement and Spread

Tracked through a food's name and historical journey

Grammar of food (Dan Jurafsky)

we can trace a words origin to discover how it has changed throughout the course of history, which can tell us where it domesticated. Universal and general linguistic principles. We can also know where a food is most likely to domesticate

Food and social emulation

Evolution or change of food or society to match another

Memory and experience

How food creates memories shaping preferences, per David Sutton

Gastropolitics

Conflict from food as a cultural, social, historical product

The Problems with the Future of Food

Concerns: obesity, food insecurity, and economic issues

Dan Jurafsky

wrote the book "the language of food" and is an anthropologist who believes that the language of food tells us a lot about our history, our society, and ourselves.

Pierre Bourdieu

believes that social and cultural aspects of our lives can shape the way we perceive food and what we think tastes good. He also thinks that taste is synonymous with flavor and preference and that taste is embodied within us, but shaped by culture.

Mary Douglas

food has rules and categories that are produced by culture and history. Food as a symbol of purity, taboo, liminality, pollution.

Andrea Wiley

how does a food affect the body and does that impact have a nutritional, medicinal, or any other effect?

Jack Goody

historical and social classes-based approach; how a food has been changed over time; critical Marxist perspective; doesn't like a biological approach.

Malcolm Gladwell

has mcdonalds podcast of how their fries used to be fried in beef tallow and then they switched due to a campain led by phil sokolof. Aligns with david suttons approach

Amanda Logan

article on Ghana and how there is high food insecurity in Africa due to colonial rule destroying the strong diversified local economy that used to exist and their policies caused chronic hunger

John T. Edge

Author of 'The Potlikker Papers' on food culture

Neurogastronomy

Study of how the brain uses smell and taste to perceive flavors

Pollyanna effect

humans are more prone to positive emotions than negative ones

Fleur

linguistic history from 1000 AD from norman invasion, white flour was metaphor for purity; means "the best/most desirable choice."
13c - flower of wheat; bolting cloth
17c - white bread; cakes, cookies, pasteries
18c - white flour; silk bolting cloths; brown bread dislike

Neophilia and neophobia

Preference for trying new things vs. fear of them

Expensive tissue hypothesis

complementary trade-off between the brain and the gut. The brain has a high metabolic demand which is offset by reduction of the gut. Meat was essential to ancestors evolving larger brains but there is evidence for neanderthal groups that were entirely vegetarian.

Synesthesia

see Dan Jurafsky & DAVID SUTTON)- food as memory → food is a sensual act
Stimulation of one's senses and intertwined with higher level thinking

Omnivore

Humans are food "generalists" with a limitless range of items defined by the environment. They do not have an innate food recognition system → created an approach-avoidance conflict

Native American Cuisine and frybread

the trail of tears moved them to an entirely new location where they were out of resources they previously had and were stuck with the scarce materials given by the government, so they invented frybread and it became a symbol of their survival during these times.

Biopolitics

according to Foucault, government regulation of people's lives and bodies. Mentioned with frybread because government forced Native Americans to move from Mississippi to Oklahoma and took away their food sovereignty. "To put life in order"

Breastfeeding

bottle feeding from brands such as nestle is bad and killing children, but many women cannot afford to breastfeed due to work and will get called bad mothers for that

Staph and "The Best Knowledge"

about the creation of penicillin, which was used to fight staph infections. Guy who was growing staph left his windows open on vacation and microbes blew in, landed on his petri dishes, and killed the bacteria.

Nixtamalization

process of extracting more nutrients; for maize and releases nutrients from the corn

Fermentation vs. Rotting

rotting is a natural but fermentation is controlled microbial process where only specific microbes are encouraged

Obesity and Chronic Lifestyle Diseases

can lead to heart troubles and other issues with bodily function later in life - much more complicated than most make it seem. Weight is affected by stress, diet, exercise, emotional regulation, hormores, body type, etc.

Pellagra

affected people who relied on non-nixtamalized corn but did not consume another source of protein. Started in 18th century Spain; poor european peasants, fixed with vitamin B3

New World Foods

indigenous foods, like maize, squash, beans, things new to europeans

Humoral System

idea that balance of humors governs how the body works

Maize

wood ash was used to nixtamalize it; divorced of nixtamalize practices; brought back by Christopher columbus' voyage

Macaronic French

Term for 'different,' used for queer men

Colonialism

Caused loss of food sovereignty and disease

Gullah-Geechee

black and enslaved communities for the demand of rice; african descendents; coast of NC; creole language (mix of diff languages)

Processed Foods

packaged/pre-made foods had prestige associated with them (canned pimento and cream cheese)

Creolization

Blending of different cultures to form a new one

Food Scarcity/Insecurity

inability to receive healthy foods and has always been a part of human culture. influenced by many factors such as economy, lack of resources, climate change, etc.

Potlikker and Hoppin' John

commonly eaten by african americans in the south; low class indivduals found it to be an easy affordable dish that had nutrients. "i lived on what I did not eat"

Black Eyed Peas

served with collard greens by enslaved cooks familiar with African Heritage.

Pimento Cheese

sign of race and status served at lucnheons; "The Masters" golf thing;

Collard Greens

domesticated 4000 BC Central Asia; important to european and african cuisines; brassica oleracea. Brought to north america by europeans, considered slave food

Hominy

Food made from dried nixtamalized maize

Cacao and Kakawa

cacao plants from Central Americas, kakawa is term for cacao in Olmec (1500 - 400 BCE). Beans were used to make a ritual cacao drink, spread through central america through this foodway. Maya, Aztec, and Inca drank too; added things to make it taste better, like chiles, peanut paste, and maize flour. Mayans and Aztecs added things like vanilla, honey, and flowers to also help with the taste. Beans used as currency too. Europeans introduced through the Spanish Conquest - was super popular and chocolate houses were invented. Largely consumed as a beverage, a social drink - was also associated with aphrodisiacs (Valentine's Day) and magic in the17th and 18th centuries! England added powdered milk to help with bitter flavor, Hershey used fresh milk in the U.S.

Pineapples

pineapple upside down cake showed status, used as table decor for the wealthy because it was grown in South America and it was hard for them to stay good enough to eat/be displayed by the time they made it to Europe - was super rare and valuable if it was.

Vanilla

used in many different cases - we are not sure about its entire history really but T

Fry Bread

high calorie, sugary fired carb; from Native American cuisine. After being forced to move locations during the Trail of Tears, they were out of resources and came up with a dish called fry bread using the resources given by the government. It became a symbol of their survival.

Sikbaj

avorite food of King Khosrau and was originally a beef stew but then sailors started using fish and now it's a fried fish dish and many people used to eat it during lent (fish not considered meat, so safe to eat!)

Rose Water and Orange Blossom Water

Floral flavors used in early ice cream, Orange blossom was the first ice cream flavor,

Pepsi and Coca-Cola

Pepsi: cure for dystpepsia; "negro marketing division"
coca cola: for white populations; cocaine wine; post civil war medicine.

Ice Cream and Sorbet

ice cream and sorbet originated form arab and Persian cultures. Orange blossom was the first ice cream flavor, sorbet was from frozen drink with sharbat - technology is saltpeter.

Arrack

made from red rice wine by the Chinese, spread to Indonesia where British sailors discovered it & since it was alcoholic they really liked it.

Punch

the first punch was probably made my British sailors by mixing arrack with the lemons that they kept on their boat to prevent scurvy.

Ketchup

from south asia over 3000 years ago; originally meant fish sauce; fermented fish sauce

Ceviche

seafood dish from peru and served with corn and potatoes. descended by sikbaj. Fried fish was common in port cities in Mediterranean, Spain, Portugal, and France. It was introduced to these cities through Islamic merchants and sailors. In the age of enlightenment and during European colonization, this food remained a good choice for traveling and eventually, ceviche and tempura was born.

Escabeche

the word ceviche was derived from this word

Ellen Messner

how does a food affect the body and does that impact have a nutritional, medicinal, or any other effect?

David Sutton

food is a sensual act that engages our senses and corresponds to memories we create when eating this food. Focuses on the experiences associated with certain foods.

Gordon Shepherd

talked about retronasal smell in his chapters and how taste is hardwired but retro nasal smell is learned. Flavor is the sensation created from taste and smell when eating.

Michael Twitty and Tunde Wey

Twitty is a Gullah descendent and Jewish historical reenactor and Wey is a Nigerian chef who believes that his food is political

Paul and Elizabeth Rozin

the omnivores dilemma (evolutionary gastronomy) of how we need to need to use up a lot of resources un order to meet our nutritional needs, and also flavor profiles!

Sidney Mintz

history of sugar and power/refinement, food as economic resource

Anthropolgy

the study of what makes us human

Ethnocentrism

the evaluation of other cultures according to the preconceptions and standards of one's own culture (basically looking at a culture and comparing it to your own with your own as the baseline for normal)

Cultural Omnivorousness

Elizabeth and Paul Rozin, our omnivorous diets are as much a product of culture, history, and society as they are biology. Tendency to season foods with recurrent, predictable combinations of flavoring ingredients → cultural response to omnivore's dilemma

Status Clues

menus: selection, "you" vs "chef", status anxiety, filler words
Differentiates between low, middle, high class restaurants
Low has higher selection and more "you" focus
Middle experiences status anxiety
High has "chef" focus

Neurogastronomy (Gordon Shepherd)

retro nasal smell. How our brains use our senses of smell and taste to distinguish between different flavors of food

Retronasal Smell

flavor is dependent on our sense of smell and if we can't smell a food then there is no taste.

Status Anxiety

if a food is commonly eaten by everyone then the elite will not want to eat it because it is not a symbol of their wealth anymore. Back in the day, a pineapple used to be a symbol of high status in society because only the wealthy could afford it.

The Language of Trauma

the ways people respond to trauma ? I am not sure ***

Semantic Bleaching

terms "love," "horrible," and "terrible" according to dan jurafsky; meaning of the term becomes generalized/overused and gets bleached out. (ex: exaggeration)

Predigestion

artificial or natural partial digestion of food, especially in cases of illness or impaired digestion. Like liquid diets for those in hospice, or people without or with few teeth, etc.

Ham-Biscuit Incident

there was a celebration of Jewish history (the last jews of Natchez) and the proposed menu was heavy n southern cuisine (ex: ham biscuit) and this did not align with the kosher diet and people were appalled because everything was non-kosher but most Jews followed a kosher diet
A plain biscuit was suggested and the person laughed and said no. But eventually the menu was changed

Formula 47

name of secret oil used by mcdonalds to fry their fries. Phil sokolof led campaign to make them stop using this oil.

Linguistic fillers

words or sounds that indicate a pause while a person is thinking, but not done speaking.