KIN 224 Exam 1 (15 & 17)

Tear secretions are governed by parasympathetic fibers within which cranial nerve?

III

V

X

IX

VII

VII

Nicotinic receptors bind

a. norepinephrine and allow potassium entry, thereby exciting the cell.

b. acetylcholine and allow chloride ions to exit the cell.

c. muscarine and increase the contractility of intestinal muscle.

d. acetylcholine and allow sodium ions to enter the cell.

e. norepinephrine and can either stimulate or inhibit the cell.

d. acetylcholine and allow sodium ions to enter the cell.

Which type of pathway is illustrated?

a. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

b. Splanchnic nerve pathway

c. Spinal nerve pathway

d. Adrenal medulla pathway

e. Raynaud nerve pathway

d. Adrenal medulla pathway

The sympathetic postganglionic axons from the superior cervical ganglion innervate

a: Sweat glands in the head

b: Sweat glands in the palms

c: Smooth muscle of blood vessels in the head

d: Smooth muscles of blood vessels in the antebrachial region

e: Superior tarsal muscle of the eye

f: Submandibular salivary gland

b, d

a, c, f

b, d, f

d, e, f

a, c, e

a, c, e

Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to

a. decreased secretions in the digestive tract.

b. erection of the male penis and female clitoris.

c. inhibition of urinary bladder contractions.

d. an increase in the heart rate.

e. decreased secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal glands.

b. erection of the male penis and female clitoris.

What visceral sensory stimulus triggers the autonomic reflex causing the reduction of blood pressure?

a. Increased blood CO2CO2

b. Increased body temperature

c. Stretching of large blood vessels

d. Stretching of the urinary bladder

c. Stretching of large blood vessels

Which sympathetic pathway involves a preganglionic neuron that synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus?

a. Splanchnic nerve pathway

b. Adrenal medulla pathway

c. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

d. Spinal nerve pathway

e. None of the choices is correct.

c. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

Which of the following parasympathetic nerves controls the production of tears, nasal secretions, and saliva?

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Stimulation of β2 receptors in the lung causes

a. bronchoconstriction.

b. bronchodilation.

b. bronchodilation.

Many different neurons can stimulate an autonomic ganglion cell simultaneously due to

convergence.

reciprocity.

divergence.

reverberation.

convergence.

Which of the following is represented in the figure?

Craniosacral (parasympathetic) pathways

Cervicosacral (parasympathetic) pathways

Craniothoracic (sympathetic) pathways

Thoracolumbar (sympathetic) pathways

Cervicolumbar (parasympathetic) pathways

Craniosacral (parasympathetic) pathways

Which system engages in mass activation?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Sweat glands and arrector pili muscles are controlled

a. by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

b. by both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.

c. only by the sympathetic nervous system.

d. only by the parasympathetic nervous system.

c. only by the sympathetic nervous system.

Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the

superior cervical ganglion.

splanchnic nerves.

pterygopalatine ganglion.

white rami communicantes.

gray rami communicantes.

gray rami communicantes.

Typically, alpha adrenergic receptors have

stimulatory effects.

inhibitory effects.

stimulatory effects.

The "fight-or-flight" system is the _________blank nervous system.

sympathetic

parasympathetic

somatic

sympathetic

The sympathetic trunk ganglia are primarily composed of

a. axons of preganglionic neurons.

b. somas of preganglionic neurons.

c. axons of ganglionic neurons.

d. somas of ganglionic neurons.

d. somas of ganglionic neurons.

The type of adrenergic receptor found on the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels in the skin is

α2

α1

β2

β1

α1

Once inside the sympathetic trunk, the sympathetic preganglionic axons

a. follow any of the routes listed

b. travel inferiorly.

c. travel superiorly.

d. remain at the level of entry.

a. follow any of the routes listed

In the brain, the _________blank is the integration and command center for autonomic functions.

brainstem

medulla

cerebral cortex

hypothalamus

spinal cord

hypothalamus

Limited branching of preganglionic axons allows for

mass activation.

rapid changes in numerous structures at once.

local and discrete activation.

local and discrete activation.

Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients?

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Somatic

Parasympathetic

Label the structures in the parasympathetic division illustration.

Label the structures associated with the sympathetic trunk.

Match the plexus with its function.

Esophageal plexus

Carries signals that control swallowing

Hypogastric plexus

Carries signals to pelvic region

Pulmonary plexus

Passes signals to bronchi

Abdominal aortic plexus

Composed of celiac and mesenteric plexuses

Insert the correct words into the sentences regarding the location of sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies. Not all terms will be used.

The sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed in the lateral horn of the T1–L2 spinal nerves.

From there, the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor axons to exit the spinal cord.

After this, the preganglionic sympathetic axons enter first the anterior roots and then the spinal nerves .

Click and drag the terms on the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right. Not all terms will be used.

The term down-regulation refers to the process by which

a. a large amount of hormone shuts down all metabolic activity in a target cell.

b. a carrier protein increases the rate of degradation for a hormone and thereby decreases its blood concentration.

c. a carrier protein decreases the rate of degradation of the protein it ferries.

d. a glandular cell decreases the amount of hormone it secretes.

e. a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.

e. a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.

Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone

the more frequently it must be replaced.

the less frequently it must be replaced.

the more frequently it must be replaced.

In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inositol triphosphate, the G protein directly activates

protein kinase A.

adenylate cyclase.

phospholipase C.

calmodulin.

phospholipase C.

Homeostatic mechanisms controlling growth hormone involve negative feedback by GH and what other hormone?

GHIH

GnRH

ACTH

CRH

GHIH

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably

a. down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate.

b. down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand.

c. up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate.

d. up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand.

a. down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate.

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

testes.

anterior pituitary gland.

thyroid gland.

hypothalamus.

posterior pituitary gland.

anterior pituitary gland.

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by

a. neurons.

b. neuromuscular cells.

c. neurosecretory cells.

d. neuroendocrine cells.

e. neuroglia.

c. neurosecretory cells.

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called _________blank by the follicular cells.

a. thyroglobulin

b. tetraiodothyronine

c. triiodothyronine

d. thyroxine

e. colloid

a. thyroglobulin

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?

a. Follicle-stimulating hormone and growth hormone

b. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

c. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

d. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone

e. Prolactin and oxytocin

c. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Somatotropin

Pancreatic polypeptide

Somatostatin

Glucagon

Insulin

The _________blank secretes triiodothyronine.

a. adrenal gland

b. pineal gland

c. parathyroid gland

d. pancreas

e. thyroid gland

e. thyroid gland

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

negative feedback.

positive feedback.

neural regulation.

somatic regulation.

endocrine dysplasia

negative feedback.

Cortisol binds to _________blank receptors and has the effect of _________blank blood glucose levels.

a. membrane-bound, raising

b. membrane-bound, lowering

c. intracellular, lowering

d. intracellular, raising

d. intracellular, raising

GH stimulates liver cells to increase gluconeogenesis; as a result, blood sugar levels

remain unaffected.

fall.

rise.

rise.

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

a. up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

b. up-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity.

c. down-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

d. down-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity.

a. up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

Glucagon works by

a. activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenesis.

b. binding to hormone response elements on DNA and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

c. binding to hormone response elements on DNA and stimulating glycogenesis.

d. activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

d. activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Chemical messengers that influence the activity of the same cell that releases them are _________blank chemical messengers, while chemical messengers that influence the activity of another cell are _________blank chemical messengers

autocrine, paracrine

paracrine, autocrine

merocrine, autocrine

autocrine, merocrine

autocrine, paracrine

Which organ releases secretin and cholecystokinin?

Liver

Kidneys

Stomach

Small intestine

Small intestine

Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates

the G protein.

adenylate cyclase.

transcription of a mRNA.

protein kinase.

the receptor.

protein kinase.

Secretion of insulin causes

a. a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

b. a decrease in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose.

c. an increase in the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.

d. an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.

a. a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

The disease called _________blank is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."

pheochromocytoma

Addison disease

androgenital syndrome

Cushing syndrome

Graves disease

Cushing syndrome

The amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally is called

terminal-life.

half-life.

semi-life.

lifetime.

half-life.

Label the structure involved in stimulation by a steroid hormone.

Correctly label the following parts of the adrenal gland.

Match the following hypothalamic releasing hormones with the hormone released from the anterior pituitary.

Match the description of the hormone interaction with the correct term.

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.