Anatomy Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards for Anatomy Study Guide Vocabulary

Anterior

front

Posterior

back

Medial

Close to midline

Lateral

Close to the side

Distal

Farther from body

Superficial

Surface level

Deep

Internal, far from surface

Flexion

Angle between 2 bones decreasing

Extension

Increasing the angle between 2 bones

Adduction

Movement towards midline

Abduction

Movement away from midline

Pronation

Medial rotation until palms face down

Supination

Lateral rotation until palms face up

Inversion

Turning big toe and sole inwards

Eversion

Turning big toe down and sole outwards

Plantarflexion

Toes and ankle point downwards

Dorsiflexion

Toes and ankle move up

Medial Rotation

Turning towards midline

Lateral Rotation

Turning away from midline

Elevation

Lifting body part superiorly

Protraction

Movement anteriorly

Retraction

Movement posteriorly

Hyperextension

Extension past resting state (180 degrees)

Circumduction

Limb rotation around medial axis

Epithelial Tissue

One of the 4 tissue types

Nervous Tissue

One of the 4 tissue types including neurons and glial cells

Muscle Tissue

One of the 4 tissue types (Cardiac)

Connective Tissue

One of the 4 tissue types. Types: Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

Loose Connective Tissue

Loosely spaced fibers in ground substance; holds organs in place, surrounds blood vessels and nerves. Types: Adipose, Areolar, Reticular

Dense Connective Tissue

Tightly packed fibers in ground substance; Ligaments & Tendons. Types: Irregular, Regular, Elastic

Cartilage

Collagen and elastic fibers in ground substance.

Compact Bone

External layer of bone

Spongy Bone

Internal layer of Bone, no osteons

Blood

Fluid connective tissue; carries gases, nutrients, hormones and waste

anatomical position

standing w feet and palms facing anteriroly

sagittal plane

divides left from right

oblique plane

divides the body at an angle

coronal plane

divides from front to back

transverse plane

divides top from bottom

prone

laying face and palms down

supine

laying face and palms up

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

thoracid

chest

sacral

lower back

plantar

foot

palmar

hand

brachial

upper arm

abdominal

stomach

femoral

thigh

dorsal

back

ventral

front

superior

above or higher in position

inferior

lower or below

proximal

nearer to the center or point of attachment

depression

lowering part of body inferiorly

tissue

a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

organ

a group of tissues that work together to perform specific functions in the body

system

a group of organs that work together to perform complex functions in the body.

connective tissue

cells and extracellular matrix that holds organs in place, surround blood vessels and nerves

skeletal muscle tissue

a type of muscle tissue that is under voluntary control and is responsible for locomotion and movement of bones.

cardiac muscle tissue

a type of involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

smooth muscle tissue

a type of involuntary muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the intestines and blood vessels, controlling movements such as digestion and blood flow.

loose connective tissue

a type of connective tissue that provides support, elasticity, and holds organs in place, consisting of various cells and fibers within a gel-like matrix.

dense connective tissue

a type of connective tissue that provides strength and support, characterized by a high density of collagen fibers, found in tendons and ligaments.

cartilage - connective tissue

that provides flexible support and structure, covering the ends of bones at joints and found in areas like the nose and ears.

bone - connective tissue

fluid tissue that carries gases, nutrients, horomones, and waste

hyaline cartilage

a type of cartilage that is glossy, smooth, and provides support while allowing for flexibility, commonly found in the respiratory system and at the ends of long bones.

fibrocartilage

a tough type of cartilage that provides strength and absorbs shock, commonly found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.

elastic cartilage

a type of cartilage that contains elastic fibers, allowing for greater flexibility and resilience, often found in the ear and epiglottis.

bone functions

provide structure, protect organs, store calcium, produce blood cells, and facilitate movement.

cartilage functions

support, absorb shock, enable flexibility, and reduce friction in joints.

why are bones considered organs

Bones are considered organs because they are composed of various types of tissues, including bone tissue, cartilage, blood vessels, and nerves, and they perform essential functions in the body.

osteogenic cells

develop into osteoblasts

osteoblasts

forms bone matrix

osteocyte

maintains bone tissue

osteoclast

breaks down bone

long bones

limbs, fingers, toes, ie. humerus

short bones

carpals and tarsals like trapezoid

flat bones

cranial, sternal, and ribs like sternum

irregular

facial bones, heel bone, vertebrae

sesamoid

patella

compact bone

outer layer of bony tissue, makes up diaphysis

endosteum

thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

yellow bone marrow

produces and stores fat and serves as an energy reserve.

periosteum

tougher outer layer and point of attachment for

spongy bones

fills the epiphysis

articular cartilage

thin hyaline covering part of epiphysis that forms articulation with bone

epiphysieal plate

hyaline dividing metaphysis and epiphysis ( growth plate )

medullary cavity

cavity w yellow marrrow and BVs, makes bone lighter but still strong

diaphysis

central shaft/body of the bone, surrounds central medullary cavity

metaphysis

located between epiphysis and diaphysis

epiphysis

proximal and distal ends of bones

short, irregular and flat bone makeup

composed of trabecular (spongy) bone and covered by a layer of compact bone.

bone growth in length

occurs at the epiphyseal plate, where new cartilage is formed and calcified.

bone growth in width

also known as appositional growth, occurs when new bone is added to the outer surface, increasing the diameter of the bone.

joint/articulation

point of contact between articular surfaces where a certain degree of movement is allowed

structural classification of joint

based on the presence or absence of cavity and the type of connective tissue, including synovial, fibrous and cartilaginous joints.

synovial

has cavity, particular capsule and ligaments

synovial cav, surrounded by a CT capsule, between articulating surfaces

freely moving (diarthrosis)

most joints in the body

fibrous joints

no cavity, fibrous CT and very little movement