TEAS- BIOL

Epithelial tissue

2 functions:

provide covering (skin tissue)

produce secretions (glandular tissue)

-exists in sheets and does not have its own blood supply.

-can regenerate easily if well nourished.

classified 2 ways:

number of cell layers

cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

Connective tissue

found throughout the body.

function:

connect different structures of the body.

-has its own blood supply (except, connective tissue ligaments do not.)

(bone, cartilage, adipose (fat), blood vessel)

Muscle tissue

producing movement.

3 types:

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Skeletal: supports voluntary movements

Smooth: under involuntary control. found in walls of hollow organs (intestines, blood vessels, bladder,and uterus)

Cardiac: involuntary. found only in the heart

Nervous tissue

provides the structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

nerves made of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body. (myelin-help protect nervous tissue.)

Circulatory system

aka. cardiovascular system

function: supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body

digestive system

consists of all organs from the mouth to the anus.

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

-small intestine: absorption 80% of nutrients (duodenum, jejenum, ileum)

-Large intestine resorbs water through osmosis along with ions from feces. -- additional absorption occurs in colon.

-liver: produces bile break down fats.

-pancrease: delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion.

Endocrine system

serves to control body functions. Glands in the endocrine system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body.

glands: pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal regulate growth and metabolism.

-pancreas, testis, and ovaries have endocrine functions.

Integumentary system

consists of skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails.

-protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and regulates temperature.

-serves as barrier to pathogens.

relationship w/ other systems:

-respiratory and digestive: provide oxygen and nutrients to the skin to maintain health.

-oxygen and nutrients for the skin travel through blood vessels in the cardiovascular system.

-lymphatic: picks up excess fluid from the sin to avoid swelling.

-skeletal: provides shape and support

-endocrine: hormones system regulate hair growht and hydration

-the skin serves to protect internal organs including reproductive system.

Lymphatic system

consists of lymph nodes, lymph vessels that carry lymph (clear fluid rich in antibodies), the spleen, the thymus and tonsils (made out of lymphoid tissue).

supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes.

-also returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the vessels.

Muscular system

consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, ligaments that attach bones together to form joints.

-NOT included cardiac and smooth muscles

Nervous system

consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and serves as the body's control system.

relationship w/other systems:

- Endocrine: releases hormones that regulate the activity of neurons

-Urinary: helps dispose metabolic wastes and maintains the correct electrolyte balance for proper nerve function

Reproductive system

produce offspring.

consists of testes, penis, ovaries, vagina, breasts.

-has hormones that influence masculine or feminine body characteristics.

Respiratory system

keeps body's cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide as it is released from the cells.

consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

-Alveoli: walls of alveoli that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the lungs via small blood vessels called arterioles.

relationship w/ other systems:

-lymphatic: transports sex hormones

-muscular: involved in childbirth

respiratory: increases during pregnancy

Skeletal system

provides support and protection for the body and its organs, supplies a framework used with muscles=creates movement.

consists of bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

-Also used for storage for minerals-calcium and phosphorus.

relationship w/other systems:

-endocrine: releases hormones that regulate growth

and calcum

-digestive: provides nutrients for the mineralization of bones.

-urinary: activates Vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption into bone.

Urinary system

helps maintain the water and electrolyte (sodium, chloride, and potassium) balance within the body.

-regulates acid-base balance of blood

-removes all nitrogen-containing wates from the body.

nitrogen containing wastes are by products of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids.

relationship w/ other systems:

-endocrine: helps regulate the reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the kidneys.

- digestive (the liver)- synthesizes urea that must be excreted by the kidneys.

Anatomical position

body is facing forward, feet are parallel to each other and arms are at he sides with palms facing forward)

superior

toward the upper end of the body

inferior

lower end of the body

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of the body

medial

middle of the body

lateral

outer sides of the body

intermediate

between medial and lateral

distal

away from the origin of the body part or point of attachment.

superficial

at the body surface

deep

below the body surface

sagittal section

cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing body into right and left parts

midsagittal section

sagittal section made down the median of the body

transverse section

cut made along a horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower region

frontal section

divides the body into front and back regions

dorsal body cavity

contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

ventral body cavity

contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen

functions of the body

adaptation, circulation, elimination, locomotion, nutrition, oxygenation, regulation, self-duplication

adaptation

receive interpret, respond to internal and external stimuli via nervous system

circulation

transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via cardiovascular system

elimination

remove metabolic wastes from the body via renal system

locomotion

allow voluntary and involuntary movement of the body via musculoskeletal and neurological systems

nutrition

take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via digestive system

oxygenation

take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via respiratory system

regulation

hormonal control of body functions via endocrine system

self-duplication

production of offspring via reproductive system

Respiratory system air exchange

primary function of lungs= breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide

1) air is inhaled through nose into the TRACHEA

2) passing through BRONCHIAL TUBES

3) within bronchial tubes are CILIA (keep airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs)

4) After leaving bronchial tubes, air travels into ALVEOLI (tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries) permit exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur

5) Oxygen is transported via red blood cells into blood stream

6) Diaphragm (abdominal muscle contracts, pulls air into the lungs during INSPIRATION (act of taking in oxygenated air)

7) Diaphragm relaxes carbon dioxide is forced out of the body via EXPIRATION

autonomic nervous sytem

controls automatic body functions (heartbeat and digestion) include SYMPATHETIC NERVES and PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES

sympathetic nerves

are active when person is excited or scared "fight or flight"

parasympathetic nerves

active when a person is eating or at rest "rest and digest"

dendrites

receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to the neurons

neurons

specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages

nervous system functions

3 functions:

-provide sensory, motor, and integrative functions within the body.

they all react to stimuli and maintain homeostasis within the body.

reflex

when the body senses pain, it may automatically withdraw from it.

Digestive system (Alimentary canal)

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Digestive system (Accessory structures)

teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Peristalsis

rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus.

intrinsic factor

increases stomach absorption of Vitamn B12.

Enzymes

chemicals that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into nutrients that can be absorbed through the wall of the intestine into the blood stream.

pyloric sphincter

releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine

Duodenum

FIRST section of the small intestine releases 2 hormones (secretin and cholecystokinin (CKK))

secretin- travels to pancreas to trigger release of bicarbonate= neutralizes stomach acid entering duodenum

CCK-released from duodenum and initiates bile release from gall bladder while decreasing motility and acid production by the stomach.

Immune system

tissues, cells, and organs that fight off illness and disease is composed of both innate (NONSPECIFIC) and adaptive (SPECIFIC) defenses that are designed to protect the body from pathogens (foreign invaders)

Innate immune functions

occur in the same way every time regardless of the type or number of pathogens present.

-include first line of defense, physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, and digestive enzyme)

-2nd line of defense (fever, inflammation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, interferons, chemotaxis, and release of cytokines.

Fever

mild to moderate fevers- benefit by killing pathogens that grow better at lower body temps.

4 signs of inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

produce perforins (pore-forming proteins) that target cancer and virus cells.

- cause cells to lyse/rupture

Interferons

body's response to viral infection and prevent replication of the virus 7-10 days. activate macrophages and NK cells.

Chemotaxis

method by which leukocytes respond to damaged body tissues.

Diapedesis

process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines. followed by CAMs (cellular adhesion molecules) guiding white blood cells to the site of damage/infection.

Adaptive Immune functions

3rd line of defense.

Specific diseases.

Include Humoral, anti-body mediate, and cell-mediated responses.

antibodies- produced for specific invading antigen.

Active immunty

Vaccines: stimulates an actual infection by a pathogen, stimulating the body to produce antibodies for future protection.

Passive immunity

individual does not produce his or her antibodies, receives them directly from ANOTHER source (mother t infant through breast milk.)

T cells

lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes.

-Macrophage capture nonself-cell> T- helper cell binds to it and secretes cytokine> signals Cytotoxic T Cell> Cytotoxic T cell responds destroys nonself cell.

B cells

types of lymphocytes or small leukocytes followed by T helper cells, produce antibodies.

cytokines

chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissue

fertility rates

average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years between ages of 15-44.

-fertility rates in LESS developed countries are much higher

crude birth rate

number of births per 1,000 people per year

crude death rate

number of deaths per 1,000 people per year

Immigration

act of an individual moving into a region or country to live (migrate into)

Emigration

act of an individual moving out of one region or country to live (migrate out of)

8 levels of TAXONOMY

1)domain

2)kingdom

3)phylum

4)class

5)order

6) family

7)genus

8)species

6 kingdoms

EUKARYA domain:

1)Animalia

2)Fungi

3)Plantae

4)Protista

5)EUBACTERIA

ARCHAE domain:

6)Archaebacteria

Charles Darwin

first to study and write about species adaptation.

wrote "On the Origin of Species" after spending time in the Galapagos island.

first to coin "natural selection"

Natural Selection

occurs when some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than others. aka "survival of the fittest"

ex) resistance to antibiotics amongst certain bacterial strains.

Adaptation

through mutations, some species are able to survive and adapt to the environment in which they live.

*If variation/mutation causes positive result that makes it easier for organism to survive environmental pressures= adapation.

mutations

permanent changes in the DNA that affect the way a gene functions

Genes

stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism's characteristics, responsible for heredity.

Nucleic acids

to store and transmit hereditary information. contains chain of nucleotides.

Nucleotides

consists of a pentose, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

pentose

type of sugar

nitrogenous base

molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells

5 types

BOTH DNA and RNA:

adenine

cytosine

guanine

DNA:

thymine

RNA:

uracil

DNA

double helix

adenine always pairs with thymine

guanine always pairs with cytosine

purine

A-G

have two rings

pyrimidines

T-C

have one ring

Translation

process of protein production from messenger RNA

Transcription

cells copy the instructions in the DNA into RNA and send the messenger RNA to the ribosomes

PROKARYOTIC CELL (bacterial)

contain:

cell wall

cytoplasm

nucleoid

organelles

plasmids

ribosomes

flagella

cell wall

outside rigid layer that helps separate the inside and outside of the cell, and an inside plasma membrane that is semipermeable, allowing certain substances in and out of the cell as needed.

cytoplasm

inner layer rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles (tiny organs)

Nucleoid

is the condensed DNA of the cell. It contains genes and genetic blue prints for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell.

plasmids

small circular portions of DNA not associate with the nucleoid. contain small number of genes compared to the DNA in the nucleoid.

RNA is copied from the DNA to take instructions from the nucleoid to the rest of the cell.

Chemically similar to DNA.

Ribosomes

manufacture proteins for the cell from the RNA messages.

They are very small bodies that free-floating within the cytoplasm. Proteins do most of the work in th cell.

EUKARYA (animal)

eukaryotic cells.

contain:

plasma membrane

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

vesicles

vacuole

mitochondria

microtubules

*nucleus

Nucleolus

more complex than prokaryotic cells, but also larger.

-some live as single cells, but may exists as part of a larger complex of cells containing multicellular organism.

Endoplasmic reticulum

tubular transport network within the cell.

*responsible for moving proteins from one part of the cell to another and moving proteins outside the cell (secretion)

2 types:

smooth and rough

Rough ER

studded with ribosomes, gritty appearance.