Mastering A&P Chapter 23 (The Respiratory System)

Which of the following is the largest laryngeal cartilage?

a) thyroid cartilage

b) cricoid cartilage

c) arytenoid cartilage

d) epiglottis

a) thyroid cartilage

Which of the following forms a lid over the glottis?

a) epiglottis

b) thyroid cartilage

c) arytenoid cartilage

d) cricoid cartilage

a) epiglottis

Which of the following structures is commonly referred to as the Adam's apple?

a) cricothyroid ligament

b) corniculate cartilage

c) thyrohyoid ligament

d) laryngeal prominence

d) laryngeal prominence

During inhalation,

a) the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

b) the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

c) oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs.

d) air moves up the trachea.

e) the diaphragm relaxes.

a) the diaphragm and rib muscles contract

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

a) Trachea

b) Alveoli

c) Bronchi

d) Bronchioles

e) Nose

b) alveoli

Which statement is correct?

a) As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated.

b) Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells.

c) Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries.

d) In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

e) Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration.

d) in the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells

After blood becomes oxygenated,

a) it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs.

b) it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.

c) it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen.

d) it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

e) it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs.

d) it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells

Hemoglobin

a) is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

b) uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells.

c) is found in blood plasma.

d) has five subunits.

e) is the site of cellular respiration.

a) is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen

As air moves from the nasal cavity to the glottis it passes through the pharynx in this order, __________.

a) laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx

b) nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

c) oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx

d) laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx

b) nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells (septal cells) is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?

a) alveolar collapse

b) respiratory distress syndrome

c) increased inspiratory effort

d) All of these changes can be expected if the production of surfactant is inadequate.

d) All of these changes can be expected if the production of surfactant is inadequate

Boyle's law states gas pressure is __________.

a) independent of temperature

b) inversely proportional to volume

c) directly proportional to volume

d) inversely proportional to temperature

b) inversely proportional to volume

The respiratory centers are located in __________.

a) the hypothalamus

b) the pons only

c) the medulla oblongata only

d) both the medulla oblongata and the pons

d) both the medulla oblongata and the pons

Which of the following structures or organs is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?

a) pharynx

b) nasal conchae

c) larynx

d) internal nares

c) larynx

What is the name of the respiratory tract passageway that leads directly into each lung?

a) bronchus

b) larynx

c) trachea

d) bronchiole

a) bronchus

Which of the following serves as a passageway for BOTH food or liquids and air?

a) bronchus

b) pharynx

c) trachea

d) larynx

b) pharynx

Which of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?

a) increased difference in partial pressures

b) increased thickness of the respiratory membrane

c) increased number of alveoli

d) All of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membranes.

b) increased thickness of the respiratory membrane

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of

a) surfactant cells.

b) moist cuboidal epithelium.

c) ciliated squamous epithelium.

d) simple squamous epithelium.

e) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

e) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the

a) alveoli of the respiratory tract.

b) upper respiratory tract.

c) internal respiratory tract.

d) respiratory mucosa.

e) lower respiratory tract.

e) lower respiratory tract

The respiratory mucosa consists of

a) fibrocartilage.

b) dense irregular connective.

c) epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.

d) stratified squamous cells.

e) All of the answers are correct.

c) epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

a) laryngospasm.

b) genetic mutation in cilia production.

c) lack of neural control of respiration.

d) excessive mucus secretions in the trachea.

e) thick secretions that are difficult to transport.

e) thick secretions that are difficult to transport

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

a) it dries out the mouth.

b) less resistance to flow.

c) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

d) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity.

e) it combines olfaction with respiration.

c) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.

a) windpipe

b) trachea

c) pharynx

d) esophagus

e) right mainstem bronchus

c) pharynx

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

a) glottis.

b) vestibule.

c) pharynx.

d) larynx.

e) trachea.

c) pharynx

The auditory tubes open into the

a) oropharynx.

b) nasopharynx.

c) nasal cavity.

d) larynx.

e) laryngopharynx.

b) nasopharynx

The glottis

a) a flap of elastic cartilage.

b) the opening to the pharynx.

c) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate.

d) part of the hard palate.

e) the opening to the larynx.

e) the opening to the larynx

The vocal folds are located within the

a) bronchi.

b) larynx.

c) trachea.

d) nasopharynx.

e) oropharynx.

b) larynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

a) speech.

b) ululation.

c) whistling.

d) articulation.

e) phonation.

e) phonation

During swallowing, the

a) glottis closes.

b) extrinsic laryngeal muscles contract.

c) epiglottis is depressed.

d) intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract.

e) All of the answers are correct.

c) epiglottis is depressed

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the

a) trachea.

b) bronchiole.

c) bronchus.

d) alveolar duct.

e) laryngopharynx.

a) trachea

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

a) bronchioles.

b) alveoli.

c) interlobular septa.

d) terminal bronchioles.

e) pleural spaces.

b) alveoli

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

a) ciliated squamous epithelium.

b) simple squamous epithelium.

c) surfactant cells.

d) moist cuboidal epithelium.

e) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

b) simple squamous epithelium

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is

a) pneumothorax.

b) emphysema.

c) COPD.

d) anoxia.

e) pulmonary embolism.

e) pulmonary embolism

Asthma is

a) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

b) a collapsed lung.

c) an obstructive tumor.

d) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

e) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli

a) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways

The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is

a) cm H2O.

b) mm Hg.

c) psi.

d) torr.

e) centigrade.

d) torr

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

a) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary.

b) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.

c) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.

d) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.

e) they are equal.

e) They are equal

External respiration involves the

a) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

b) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin.

c) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

d) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid.

e) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

a) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

a) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

b) greater than intraalveolar pressure.

c) less than the pressure in the atmosphere.

d) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.

e) less than intrapulmonic pressure.

a) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

During quiet breathing,

a) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.

b) inspiration and expiration are both passive.

c) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

d) only the internal intercostal muscles contract.

e) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.

c) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

a) Inspiratory reserve volume

b) Residual volume

c) Inspiratory capacity

d) Expiratory reserve volume

e) Tidal volume

e) Tidal volume

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

a) Inspiratory capacity

b) Enhanced tidal volume

c) Inspiratory reserve volume

d) Expiratory reserve volume

e) Residual inhaled volume

c) Inspiratory reserve volume

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will

a) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

b) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

c) hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases.

d) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli.

e) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood.

a) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

a) utilization of oxygen.

b) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.

c) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.

d) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.

e) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

e) movement of air into and out of the lungs

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

a) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

b) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.

c) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.

d) movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

e) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

d) movement of air into and out of the alveoli

Henry's law states that

a) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

b) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

c) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.

d) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

e) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume

b) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and gas pressure

Dalton's law states that

a) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.

b) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

c) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

d) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

e) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture

e) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture

Where is more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

a) In the plasma, as dissolved CO2 or HCO3 -

b) Dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells (RBCs)

c) Converted to chloride

d) Attached to hemoglobin

a) In the plasma, as dissolved CO2 or HCO3

Most oxygen is transported in the blood stream while it is __________.

a) dissolved in the plasma

b) bound to carbon dioxide

c) bound to albumin

d) bound to hemoglobin

d) bound to hemoglobin

The chloride shift occurs in order to

a) transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.

b) force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues.

c) produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells.

d) pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells.

e) produce carbonic acid.

a) transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form

a) carbonic acid.

b) hydrochloric acid.

c) carbaminohemoglobin.

d) nitric acid.

e) oxygen.

a) carbonic acid

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

a) solute dissolved in the plasma.

b) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

c) carbonic acid.

d) carbaminohemoglobin.

e) bicarbonate ions.

e) bicarbonate ions

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

a) decreased temperature

b) increased tissue PO2

c) decreased amounts of DPG

d) decreased pH

e) All of the answers are correct.

d) decreased pH

Carbonic anhydrase

a) can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.

b) can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.

c) is an enzyme.

d) is in RBCs.

e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct

The term hypercapnia refers to

a) labored breathing.

b) elevated PO2.

c) elevated PCO2.

d) the cessation of breathing.

e) an increase in pH.

c) elevated PCO2

The apneustic centers of the pons

a) provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.

b) monitor blood gas levels.

c) alter chemoreceptor sensitivity.

d) inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers.

e) generate the gasp reflex.

a) provide stimulation to the inspiratory center

he pneumotaxic center of the pons

a) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla.

b) modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

c) sets the at-rest respiratory pattern.

d) prolongs inspiration.

e) stimulates the dorsal respiratory group.

b) modifies the rate and depth of breathing

The Hering-Breuer reflex

a) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure.

b) protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.

c) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.

d) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes.

e) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes.

b) protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation

Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in

a) more intense inhalation.

b) increased respiratory rate.

c) less activity in the DRG center.

d) decreased vital capacity.

e) a shorter respiratory cycle.

a) more intense inhalation