Final exam

sweden hunt club

stags compete for hinds, harem polygyny

sweden hunt club

castle that manages animals similarly to the way we do domesticated

sweden hunt club

dominance hierarchy among stags, which is important for "peace"

sweden hunt club

European hunt clubs privately own game

red deer

what animal is most prized in the sweden hunt club

sweden hunt club

had a lottery where people would win a chance to shoot a certain animal

disrupted the social hierarchy, errupting in chaos

what happened when someone illegally shot the largest red deer buck in the sweden hunt club?

rose petal effect

The removal of all deer in one rose-petal cluster may produce a long-term effect at low rates of recruitment and dispersal.

rose petal effect

- local matrilines
- has management implications
- removal/treatment is more long-lasting if conducted by matriline

red wolf (canis rufus)

45-80 lbs
diet: deer, rabbits, raccoons
was reduced to a remnant population by the 1900's

red wolf (canis rufus)

the last remaining of these were captured in 1973 and placed in captivity for captive breeding

red wolf (canis rufus)

- declared extinct in the wild in 1980
- reintroduced in 1987 in 5 counties in North Carolina

red wolf (canis rufus)

these animals reaches a high of 50-75 in the wild but now there is only 15-17 left. There are 240 in captive facilities

human persecution (intentional and accidental) and hybridization with coyotes

two main recovery challenges of the red wolf (canis rufus)

placeholder concept

recovery plan where other species in outside territories are sterilized to prevent hybridization of declining species, essentially creating a buffer

(alpha) coyotes in the surrounding areas of the red wolf territory were sterilized (50) so that that there was no hybridization between them and the red wolves. The sterilized coyotes kept their places, so no new coyotes came into the territories

what is the placeholder concept when applied to the red wolf species?

p22

los angeles mountain lion that the public loved and tracked

separation by urbanization (highways)

what was the issue for the los angeles mountain lions?

- high mortality (intraspecifc strife)
- reduced genetic diversity

lack of dispersal from los angeles mountain lions led to:

land overpass

solution to los angeles mountain lion dispersal issue

fission-fusion social system

group members reside within same home range, maintain closer relations than in other groups, but separate into smaller subgroups on a regular basis.

elephants

what species has a fission-fusion social system?

they are selectively poaching older matriarchs, which disrupts the entire social network and removes critical social partners with ecological knowledge and access to resources

how does poaching harm the social systems of elephants?

elephants

which species exhibits compensatory bonding to build resistance to loss and provide help to orphans

mortality rate

number of deaths

reproductive rate

number of births

immigration

contributing to a population without births

emigration (dispersal)

taking away from population without deaths

reproductive rate and survival (mortality) rate

2 vital rates

number of births, deaths, immigrants, and emigrants

what causes population sizes to change?

dN/dT (size of population divided by time)

change in population formule

birth rate - death rate - immigrants + emigrants

change in population: dN/dT = ...

bN - dN (birth rates minus death rates)

dN/dT (change in population) = ...

positive (increasing)

if B>D (birth rates are greater than death rates), then the population is

stable

if B = D (birth rates equal death rates) then the population is

negative

if B<D (birth rates are less than death rates) then the population is

r

replace term B-D with....

r

population growth rate symbol

dN/dT = rN

population growth rate formula with r

limiting factor

any condition that prevents a population from attaining unlimited growth at r

extrinsic factors

factors that come from outside the individual: weather, water, food, disease

intrinsic factors

factors that come from inside the individual: social behavior, infanticide, reduced reproduction

density dependence

profound influence that a population's density has on the vital rates of individuals in the population; changes in vital rates in turn lead to changes in population growth rate

negative density dependence

high numbers lead to negative feedback, limiting the growth of a population

effect of negative density dependence

increase in density can increase competition

effect of negative density dependence

increase in density can heighten susceptibility to predation and/or disease

direct interference or exploitative

competition can occur as...

type 1

low risk of juvenile death, higher risk in older ages

type 2

constant risk of death in all ages (linear)

type 3

high risk of juvenile death but long life expectancy

type 1

surivorship curve

type 3

survivorship curve

type 2

survivorship curve

type 3

what type of survival curve is this?

positive density dependence

(very rare) an increase in numbers results in an increase in vital rates or population growth

group hunting by some large predators (african wild dogs in a pack mean higher success rate when hunting)

instance where positive density dependence is possible

minimizing predation, foraging advantages, finding mates and caring for young, and temperature tolerance (huddling for warmth)

possible mechanisms leading to positive density dependence

single-species

logistic model that is useful in understanding carrying capacity and maximum sustained yield concepts

multi-species models

logistic model that is useful for understanding predator-prey relationships

logistic growth curve

dN/dT = [(rmax)(N)] x [K - N/K]

logistic growth curve equation

population that can exhibit logistic growth

ones that are limited by a consumable resource

population that can exhibit logistic growth

one that is limited by social behavior (territorial animals can't grow if there's no space left)

population that can exhibit logistic growth

one that is limited by availability of a non0renewable resource, like nest sites

r species

species that have an unstable environment, and are density independent

r species

small organism size

r species

low energy used to make each individual

r species

many offspring produced

r species

early maturation

r species

short life expectancy

r species

one lifetime reproductive events

r species

type 3 survivorship curve

k species

species that live in a stable environment, with density depended interactions

k species

large organism size

k species

high amount of energy used to make each individual

k species

few offspring produced

k species

late time of maturation with lots of parental care

k species

long life expectancy

k species

more than one reproductive event in lifetime

k species

type 1 or 2 survivorship curve

r species

known to be "irruptive species"- population quickly explodes and can crash just as quick

muskrat

example of r species that had multiple population booms and crashes

yellowstone national park wolves

in contrast to the muskrat population, this species exhibits consistent levels in their population

prey abundance

strong extrinsic factor that helps regulate yellowstone wolf population

intrinsic factors

when at carrying capacity (K), what regulates the population?

compensatory mortality

the affect of one kind of mortality influences the affect of another source of mortality. this has less impact on the population

additive mortality

the affect of one kind of mortality is independent of other sources of mortality. this has a bigger impact on the population

compensatory

is starvation a compensatory or additive mortality?

taking snapshots of population and looking at their characteristics

population demography

changes in a population over time

population dynamics

intrinsic factors

is rate of change within a season influenced by intrinsic or extrinsic factors?

a high survival rate

species with a low reproductive rate have...

a low survival rate

species with a high reproductive rate have...

fibromatosis

disease in deer where they have giant raised bumps in the skin that are not inherently dangerous but can inhibit eating and vision

bot fly larvae

parasite that affects mice and mammals that buries into their skin and lays eggs. non lethal

disease

an alteration of the state of the body and some of its organs which interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of body functions

zoonotic disease

an animal disease that is transmissible to humans

enzootic disease

an animal disease that occurs almost constantly in a population, but only affects a few individuals at any given time

epizootic disease

an animal disease that attacks large numbers of individuals simultaneously and does not persist long-term

primary pathogens

cause disease as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host