PSYC 260 - Exam 1

Mentalism

An explanation of behavior as a function of the nonmaterial mind; the mind is responsible for behavior

Who came up with mentalism as reasoning for behavior?

Aristotle

Psyche

an entity once proposed to be the source of human behavior; synonym for mind; part of the mentalism theory

Dualism

Both a nonmaterial mind and the material body contribute to behavior

Who came up with Dualism as reasoning for behavior?

Rene Descartes

Which part of the brain did Descartes theorize was used as reasoning for behavior with Dualism?

The mind interacts with the body to produce movement through the pineal gland in the brain

Mind-Body Problem

The difficulty in explaining how a nonmaterial mind and a physical brain might interact

Materialism

Behavior can be explained as a function of the nervous system without explanatory recourse to the mind; Explained by evolution by natural selection

Who came up with Materialism as reasoning for behavior?

Charles Darwin

Olfactory Cranial Nerve Function

Smell

Optic Cranial Nerve Function

Vision

Oculomotor Cranial Nerve Function

Eye movement

Trochlear Cranial Nerve Function

Eye Movement

Trigeminal Cranial Nerve Function

Masticatory movements and facial sensation

Abducens Cranial Nerve Function

Eye movement

Facial Cranial Nerve Function

Facial movement and some taste sensation

Auditory Vestibular Cranial Nerve Function

Hearing and balance

Glossopharyngeal Cranial Nerve Function

Tongue and pharynx movement and sensation

Vagus Cranial Nerve Function

Heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx

Spinal Accessory Cranial Nerve Function

Neck movement

Hypoglossal Cranial Nerve Function

Tongue movement

Evolution of the nervous system from the nerve net to the brain

Nerve net, bilateral symmetry, segmentation, ganglia, spinal cord, brain

Nerve net

Simple nervous system, organized as a net, with no brain

Bilateral Symmetry

The nervous system on one side of the animal mirrors that on the other side

Segmentation

The vertebrae contain the similar repeating nervous system segments of the spinal cord

Ganglia

Clusters of neurons, which resemble primitive brains and function somewhat like them in that they are command centers

Encephalization Quotient

Using the ratio of actual brain size to this expected brain size provided this quantitative measure that could be used to compare brains across all animal species

Neuroplasticity

The nervous system’s fundamental potential to physically or chemically modify itself in response to a changing environment and to compensate for age-related changes and injury

Afferent

Incoming information

Efferent

Outgoing information

Anterior

Near or toward the front

Dorsal

On or toward the back

Lateral

Toward the side of the body or brain

Medial

Toward the middle

Posterior

Near or toward the tail; for the human spinal cord, at the back

Ventral

On or toward the belly

Sulcus/sulci

Valleys

Gyrus/gyri

Hills

Fissure

The really deep sulci

Ventricle

Cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)

Names of Ventricles

2 Lateral, Third, Fourth

Where 2 Lateral Ventricles are located

Forebrain; Telencephalon

Where Third Ventricle is located

Diencephalon

Where Fourth Ventricle is located

Hindbrain

Function of Ventricles

Produce, store, and transport CSF

What does CSF do?

Suspends, acts as a shock absorber, protects and provides stable environment for the brain

Dermatome

Each of the spinal cord segments; has a sensory nerve that sends information from the skin, joints, and muscles to the spinal cord, as well as a motor nerve that controls the muscle movements in that particular body segment

Innate

Inherited behaviors

Factors contributing to the evolution of the human brain

Primate lifestyle influences, rate/altered maturation, climate change

3 major structures that emerge in the adult brain of fish, amphibian, or reptile

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

Prosencephalon

Olfaction, the sense of smell; Forebrain

Mesencephalon

Visual and Auditory; Midbrain

Rhombencephalon

Movement and Balance; Hindbrain

Which major structures develop in mammalian brains?

Diencephalon, Telencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon; Mesencephalon develops in both

What did prosencephalon develop into in mammalian brains?

Prosencephalon developed into the diencephalon and the telencephalon

What did the Rhombencephalon develop into in mammalian brains?

Rhombencephalon developed into the metencephalon and myelencephalon

Telecephalon

Endbrain

Metencephalon

Across brain; includes the cerebellum

Myelencephalon

Spinal brain; Includes the spinal cord

Functional organization of the nervous system

Central Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, Enteric Nervous System

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord; mediates behavior

Somatic Nervous System

Cranial and Spinal Nerves; transmits sensation, produces movement

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System; balances internal functions

Enteric Nervous System

Controls the gut

Sympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

Arousing

Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

Calming

Anatomical Organization of the Nervous System

The Nervous System is composed of the Central Nervous System(CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System(PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is composed of the Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, and Enteric Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory, Motor, and Autonomic Connections

Forebrain

responsible for conscious behavior

Brainstem

Responsible for Unconscious Behavior

Diencephalon

Integrates sensory and motor information to the cerebral cortex; contains the hypothalamus and thalamus; between brain

Hypothalamus

Has a central role in the orchestration of hormone production

Thalamus

Organizer and integrator of sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex from sensory systems

Pituitary gland

Works with the hypothalamus to produce hormones

Corpus Callosum

Long band of white matter that contains about 200 million nerve fibers that join the 2 cerebral hemispheres and allow them to communicate

Brainstem

Responsible for most life-sustaining behavior; Divided into hindbrain(forearm), midbrain(wrist), and diencephalon(fist); Cerebellum, Reticular Formation, Pons, Medulla

Cerebellum

Coordination and Controls complex movements, both voluntary and involuntary

Reticular Formation

Netlike mixture of neurons and nerve fibers; Regulation of sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal

Pons

Important movements of the body

Medulla

Vital functions such as breathing and heart rate

Allocortex

Plays a role in controlling motivational and emotional states as well as in certain forms of memory; Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Cingulate cortex

Amygdala

Plays critical role in anxiety and fear

Hippocampus

Involved in consolidation, the process whereby short-term memories are solidified into long-term memories; Its destruction leads to problems with navigation, finding out way around, and difficulties with word finding

Cingulate Cortex

Involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory, and is highly influential in linking behavioral outcomes to motivation