Attachment

Erikson

Erikson

________: physical comfort and sensitive care are key to establishing a basic sense of trust that is the foundation for attachment.

Attachments have profound adaptive value for babies, ensuring

________ that their psychosocial and physical needs will be met.

Behaviorism

________: Drive /need for food, develop attachment as mother or caregiver reinforces need for food and security.

Bowlby first labeled "attachment "as

_______ a construct involving the necessary ‘ psychological connectedness between human beings.

Bowlbys ethological perspective

________: Attachment is an innate predisposition that develops in a series of phases.

Freud

________: infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction.

Attachment

________ is a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship.

"Comfort" Cloth Mother

When the infant monkeys were frightened by a loud sound, they were more likely to run to the cloth mother for security

Harlows findings led him to believe that

the comfort resulted in the mother infant attachment, not the feeding itself

Bowlbys ethological perspective

Attachment is an innate predisposition that develops in a series of phases

Phase 1, from birth to 2 months

infants are instinctively drawn to humans

Phase 2, from 2 to 7 months

attachment becomes focused on one person

Phase 3, from 7 to 24 months

with increased locomotor skills, infants actively seek regular contact with caregivers

Phase 4, from 24 months on

children become aware of others feelings, goals, and plans and take them into account

Securely attached

positive, confident exploration

Insecure avoidant

little interaction with caregiver, no distress

Insecure resistant

clings to caregiver and then resists

Insecure disorganized

disorganized and disoriented

Attachment is not the same as

temperament, which are observable characteristics of the baby/child

Harlow disagreed with

the psychoanalytic approach

Freud's theory challenged by

Harlow’s research, which showed that physical comfort is preferred for security.

Harlow first saw that when infant monkeys were separated from caregiver at birth,

they could not readily socialize and be reintroduced to pack.

Harlow understood that

infants were highly dependent on mother for socialization- but what was the basis?

In 1958, to test his ideas about how attachment forms,

Harlow separated infant monkeys from their mothers at birth and raised them with two ‘surrogate’ mothers.

Harlow found that infant monkeys spent majority of their time

clinging to the cloth mother, regardless of which surrogate mother provided milk.

“Comfort” Cloth Mother:

When the infant monkeys were frightened by a loud sound, they were more likely to run to the cloth mother for security

When placed in an unfamiliar setting, monkeys again preferred to

cling to the cloth mother, and used it as a “safe base” to return to when they became frightened.

When the cloth mother was absent,

the monkey babies were highly distressed and unable to explore the environment or play.

Harlow emphasized

comfort, companionship, love and security in promoting healthy development

Bowlby argued that attachment is

a biologically based, active behavior related to the infant’s need for protection in order to survive.

Bowlby observed that when infants feel secure,

they can explore their environment, checking back from time to time with a parent as a form of “emotional refueling,”

The child uses the parent as a secure base for exploration,

and because exploration is essential for human learning, these behaviors are adaptive.

What did Bowlby identify as the primary determinants of attachment?

maternal nurturance and responsiveness

What were the 4 stages of attachment Bowlby laid out?

Pre-Attachment; Attachment in the Making; Clear-Cut Attachment; Goal-corrected Attachment

Phase 1, from birth to 2 months:

infants are instinctively drawn to humans.

Phase 2, from 2 to 7 months:

attachment becomes focused on one person.

Phase 3, from 7 to 24 months:

with increased locomotor skills, infants actively seek regular contact with caregivers.

Phase 4, from 24 months on:

children become aware of others’ feelings, goals, and plans and take them into account.

Securely attached

positive, confident exploration.

Insecure avoidant

little interaction with caregiver, no distress.

Insecure resistant

clings to caregiver and then resists

Insecure disorganized

disorganized and disoriented.