IAPP 1 Exam Review P2 `(Prof Given)

COX-1

Constitutive

COX-2

Inducible

Conjugated proteins

Glycoproteins, lipoproteins

Glycoproteins

Conjugated with carbohydrates

(Certain hormones and proteins in the cell membrane)

Lipoproteins

Conjugated with lipids

(Cell membranes and in the plasma)

LDL

HDL

LDL receptors

PCSK9

FDA-approved PCSK9 inhibitord

Alirocumab (Praluent)

Evolocumab (Repatha)

Fluid-Mosaic Model

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Endocytosis

SARS-CoV-2

Uses receptor-mediated endocytosis to invade cells through AC-2 receptor

Heterochromatin

Euchromatin

Acetylation (and other histone modifications)

Allow transcription factors to gain access to the DNA and promote gene expression

Exocytosis

Types of RNA

pre-mRNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

pre-mRNA (precursor messenger RNA)

Altered within the nucleus to form mRNA

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Codes for protein synthesis

tRNA (transfer RNA)

decodes mRNA

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Forms part of the structure of ribosomes

Chaperones

Ubiquitins

Cyclins

Apoptosis

Cells shrink, membranes remain intact but become bubbled, and the nuclei condense

Necrosis

Cells deprived of a blood supply may swell, rupture their membranes, and burst

MMPs (Matrix metalloproteinases)

required for tissue remodeling (wound healing) and for the migration of phagocytic cells during the fight against infection

Passive transport

Molecules and ions move across a membrane from higher to lower concentration (down a concentration gradient)

3 Types of passive Transport

Simple diffusion through the double phospholipid layers

Ions move by simple diffusion through protein channels

Facilitated diffusion of glucose

• GLUTs undergo a conformation change to release the molecule on the other side of the membrane

Active transport

Occurs against the concentration gradient (pumps)

Diffusion

Dialysis membrane

Semipermeable with pores of a certain size

Proteins inside are too large to get through

Osmosis

Osmotic pressure

Pressure needed to just stop osmosis

The greater the solute concentration, the greater its __

Polar regulatory molecules

Membrane protein receptors send second messengers into the cytoplasm to mediate the actions

Nonpolar regulatory molecules

Receptors within the cell (nuclear effect) to stimulate protein expression

G protein-coupled receptors (3 essential components)

Receptor, GTP-binding protein, second messenger

Activation energy

The amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed

Catalysts

Make reactions go faster by lowering the activation energy required

Lock-and-key model

Catalytic triad

Controls enzyme activity

pH, temperature, substrate concentration

pH

Temperature

Substrate concentration

Phenylketonuria