NE101 Lec 31: Emotion

Emotional experience refers to internal __________ felt subjectively.

feelings

Emotional expression refers to external, physical __________.

behaviors

Emotional experience can only be assessed in __________.

humans

Emotional expression can sometimes be assessed in __________.

animals

The James-Lange theory proposes that physiological __________ come first, then emotional experience.

responses

Evidence for James-Lange: different emotions produce unique __________ patterns.

physiological

The Cannon-Bard theory states that emotional experience and expression are __________.

independently modulated

Evidence for Cannon-Bard: emotions can exist without measurable __________ responses.

physiological

Modern understanding: expression and experience share circuits but can be __________ controlled.

independently

In mice, artificially increasing heart rate (tachycardia) induced anxiety-like behavior only in __________ contexts.

risky

Artificially increasing HR in mice supports both __________-driven and __________-driven emotion mechanisms.

body, brain

People report that different emotions activate unique but overlapping patterns of __________ sensations.

bodily

fMRI measures changes in the __________ signal, a proxy for neural activity.

BOLD

Each emotion activates a distributed network but includes emotion-specific “__________.”

hotspots

The cingulate cortex is most associated with emotional __________.

experience

The hypothalamus contributes to emotional __________.

expression

The structures in the Papez circuit project to the hippocampus to __________ our memories with emotion.

color

The amygdala was later added to the Papez circuit due to its role in __________.

emotion

Urbach-Wiethe Disease involves bilateral damage to the __________.

amygdala

Patients with Urbach-Wiethe Disease can recognize faces but cannot perceive __________.

fear

Patients with Urbach-Wiethe Disease show impaired responses to __________.

pain

Klüver–Bucy Syndrome is caused by bilateral lesions of the __________ , especially the ______.

temporal lobe, amygdala

Klüver–Bucy Syndrome symptoms include _________ and _______ fear and aggression.

hypersexuality, decreased

The ______ shows high activation when viewing fearful faces.

amygdala

Activation of the amygdala can generate feelings of __________.

fear

Alex Honnold (man who climbed El Capitan without gear) shows decreased amygdala activation to __________ stimuli.

fearful

Two major emotion-related disorders involving the amygdala are __________ and __________.

anxiety, PTSD

Before learning: neutral stimulus —> __________ stimulus (e.g., pain).

unconditioned

After learning: conditioned stimulus → __________ response or freezing.

avoid

Neutral and unconditioned stimuli converge on neurons in the __________ amygdala.

basolateral

Learned fear responses exit through the __________ of the amygdala.

central nucleus

Learning occurs through synaptic __________ in the BLA.

plasticity

After learning a fear, the neutral stimulus alone drives __________ in BLA neurons.

firing

Experiences often include both positive and negative __________.

stimuli

The amygdala contains neurons that encode __________, __________, and neutral stimuli.

positive, negative

Roughly __________% of neurons respond to positive vs negative stimuli.

50-50

Endogenous opioids are naturally occurring __________ in the brain.

hormones

Endogenous opioids bind to __________ receptors throughout the _______.

opioid, nervous system

Endogenous opioids act through __________ receptors.

g-protein coupled

Opioid receptors in the spinal cord reduce __________ sensation.

pain

Opioid receptors in the brain contribute to feelings of __________.

pleasure

_____ are patches in the striatum rich in a specific opioid receptor.

striosomes

Striosomes receive projections from __________ brain regions.

limbic

Striosomes project to midbrain __________ neurons.

dopamine

Striosomes may link action, learning, and __________.

reward

Examples of _______include heroin, morphine, and prescription medication.

exogenous opioids

Exogenous opioids are extremely __________.

addictive

_______ are produced naturally in the brain.

endocannabinoids

______ occur naturally in plants.

phytocannabinoids

THC binds to __________ receptors in the brain.

cannabinoid

______ affect mood, pain, learning, and are less addictive than opioids.

cannabinoids

Prairie voles show lifelong __________ pair bonds.

monogamous

In females, __________ promotes bonding; in males, vasopressin does.

oxytocin

Mating induces epigenetic changes in hormone __________ expression.

receptor

______ increases in both humans and dogs during petting.

oxytocin

Oxytocin has a major role in mother–child __________.

bonding

High oxytocin receptor concentration is found in the __________.

nucleus accumbens