Organizing Society - UCSP 4Q

Group

A bounded collection of interacting individuals who are functionally, cognitively, and structurally interdependent to various degrees. Formed by two or more individuals.

Common ancestry and territorial proximity

Enumerate two (2) typical bases for group formation:

Primary groups

Small group characterized by highly intimate and personal relationships that allow them to thrive and last through cooperation and close association.

Family; Children's play groups; Groups in the community

Enumerate three (3) basic primary groups:

FCG

Secondary groups

Large groups characterized by low intimacy and impersonal relationships. Membership depends on shared aspirations and common objectives. Members don't necessarily interact with everyone. Bound together by shared social identities.

Nations; Corporations; Professional associations

Enumerate three (3) common examples of secondary groups:

NCP

Reference group

Toward forming his/her identity, an individual uses a _____ that serves as a point of reference in evaluating one's attitudes and behavior and making decisions related to those. Influences a person’s behaviour and attitudes, regardless whether they are a member.

In-groups

Group to which a person belongs and feels a sense of identity.

Out-groups

Group to which a person does not belong and feels a sense of hostility towards.

Social network

Group of people who have occasional interactions and who engage in similar or related tasks while remaining unknown, unfamiliar, or only slightly familiar with each other. An example of this is a community formed by one's membership in social media sites.

To help find a job and To receive better medical care

Enumerate two (2) reasons why social networks are significant:

Family

Most basic social unit composed of one or more parents and (a) child/children who typically live together.

Nuclear or conjugal family

A family composed of one or two parents and their child or children.

Extended or consanguine family

A family composed of parents and children, plus other members of their kin.

Reconstituted family

A family where its members differ from the typical members of a nuclear or an extended family.

Female-headed translational family

An example of a reconstituted family which is a household with core members living in at least two nation-states and in which the mother works in another country while some or all of her dependents reside in the Philippines.

Kinship

Family ties with social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption. It considers both biological relationships and non-biological relationships.

Consanguinity or marriage

Enumerate two (2) possible ways people can be related to be considered part of one's kin group:

Matrilineal kinship

Traced when people are considered members of the mother's group from birth onward.

Patrilineal kinship

Traced when people are considered members of the father's group from birth onward.

Descent

Reckoning of relationship based on a common ancestor. It considers only biological relationships.

Unilineal descent

When descent is traced only either through patrilineal or matrilineal kinship, tracing is _____.

Bilateral descent/Cognatic descent

Both matrilineal and patrilineal descent.

Lineages

Group of people related by a common ancestor.

Public policy and Morality

Enumerate two (2) reasons why cousins aren't allowed to marry each other:

Compadre system/Compadrazgo

It initiates a godparent-godchild relationship that serves to strengthen ties between families (who may or may not be related by blood).

Upper; Middle high; Middle low; Lower

Patterns and strategies in choosing compadres (godparents) differ according to four (4) ranked socio-economic levels, namely:

_____ level consists of older elite and capitalist entrepreneurs

_____ level consists of professionals and bureaucrats

_____ level consists of small-scale businessmen and employees

_____ level consists of fishermen, crewmen, laborers, and market vendors

Political dynasty

When a political family strengthens its hold on political power through such alliances.

Bands

In ancient times and even in some nomadic communities that endured through hundreds of centuries to the modern times, societies are/were typically organized into _____.

Band

A small, egalitarian, kin-based group of perhaps 10-50 people.

Tribe

Comprised a number of bands that were politically integrated (often through a council of elders or other leaders) and shared a language, religious beliefs, and other aspects of culture. Politically weak.

Chiefdoms

Organized through formal structures that integrate several communities (such as tribes) into a distinct political entity led by a council of elders or leaders which typically has a chief, but doesn't always have one.

Ancient barangays led by datus

These can be classified as chiefdoms:

States and nations

Political institutions are typically organized along the lines of _____.

State

Independent, sovereign government exercising control over certain spatially defined and bounded area, whose borders are usually clearly defined and internationally recognized by others.

Nation

Group of people who see themselves as a cohesive and coherent unit based on shared cultural or historical criteria. _____ are socially constructed units that are essentially imagined communities bound together by notions of unity that can pivot around religion, ethnic identity, language, cultural practice and so forth.

Population; Territory; Government; Sovereignty

Enumerate four (4) elements a state typically has:

PTGS

Elements of a nation

Include people living in a specific territory; is distinctly marked by a shared history and culture, most of the times including bonds of linguistic and religious ties as well.

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)

The culmination of decades-long attempts to deconstruct the very fabric of a highly centralized, unitary nation-state and rationalize the imperative recognition of a separate nation, the Bangsamoro, albeit still within the Philippine state.

Wielding authority

Political structures in modern nations and states, even in bands, tribes, and chiefdoms are governed through _____.

Traditional; Charismatic; Rational-legal

Enumerate three (3) types of authority:

Traditional authority/Hereditary authority

Authority passed through bloodline of leaders, as in absolute monarchies.

Charismatic authority

Authority drawn from a leader's personal charisma and qualities, like some dictators and cult leaders.

Rational-legal authority

Authority drawn from legal and constitutional mandates that are usually collectively agreed upon by those who are governed, as in what is practiced in democratic countries.

Public sphere

Core of state, economy, and societal relations.

Market economies

Economies that rely on currency to facilitate trade or the exchange of goods and services. An example is typical modern society.

Law of demand and supply

Economies follow the dictates of _____ that influences every public and private sector decision with regard to investments, commodity production, and distribution of goods and services.

Non-market economies

Economies that rely on barter and similar forms of product/commodity exchanges. Has extensive government ownership or control of the means of production, allocation of resources, price and output decisions of enterprises.

Contemporary market economies

Economies that adhere to capitalist free trade and/or where the private sector is either dominant, regulated, or at least relatively strong.

Deregulation

The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities. Meant to free up market forces for accelerated innovation but is complained to be an excuse for price hikes.

Principles of Reciprocity or Redistributions

Traditional non-market economies are governed by _____.

Reciprocity

Direct exchange of goods or services.

Redistribution

Transfer of goods or services from a central authority to redistribute to society.

Market transaction

Indirect exchange of goods facilitated by money.

Stocks and shares

Partial ownership of a corporation.

Profit motive

Maximizing the profitability of a company or business or optimizing an individual's financial gains from a market transaction.

Primary; Secondary; Tertiary

Enumerate three (3) major sectors of economic activity:

Primary sector

Sector engaged in extraction of materials and natural resources.

Secondary sector

Sector engaged in manufacturing or the mass production of goods from raw materials.

Tertiary sector

Sector engaged in providing services, especially those that facilitate the transport, distribution, and sale of goods. Encompasses business process outsourcing, real estate sales, and practicing professions. The current Philippine economy is dominated by this.

Non-state institutions

Institutions that help build and shape societies that include banks and corporations, cooperatives and trade unions, translational advocacy groups, etc. Exists independently from states but operate within regulations and limitations set by them.

Banks

They lend money to businesses, start-ups, entrepreneurs, and the government and play a major role in maximizing the productive potential of money.

Corporations

Private entities led by a board of directors created to manage a company or group of companies.

Corporate social responsibility

The private sector's commitment to upholding the common good.

Landbank

A state-owned bank in the Philippines meant to assist farmers and other beneficiaries of land reform in their financing needs.

Collective bargaining agreement (CBA)

Government-registered labor unions have the power to strike a _____ with the corporate management. Such agreement covers negotiations with respect to wages, hours of work and all other terms and conditions for employment.

Civil society organizations and community organizations

Established to advocate for short-term, medium-term, and long-term reforms in local, national, and international levels. These organizations are typically multi-sectoral, as they draw their power from collective demands of various sectors.

Cooperatives

Organizations formed by citizens to help themselves through providing financial services to its members, in exchange for membership dues or share capital.

Translational advocacy groups

Ensure that governments worldwide maintain transparency in their affairs (especially about public finances in major government projects) and uphold human rights and civil liberties to make democracy function well despite perceived limitations and weaknesses.

Development agencies and lending institutions

Help finance big government projects, especially in developing countries. Critics point out they lack transparency and democratic mechanisms, are times not responsive to voices of communities, and charge interest rates to loans that they facilitate.

Profit motive

____ rather than altruism, seems to be the central function of development agencies like typical private banks.

Interdependence

The necessary order of things for social beings like humans.

International organizations

Through these, nation-states are able to peacefully conduct dialogues on pressing issues, resolve disagreements, and carry out mutually-beneficial economic and socio-cultural activities.

United Nations

Springboard for global governance.

Schools

The main entities in establishing and nurturing educational institutions. Education's functions cover the need for self-actualization (fulfilling or maximizing one's potentials) and society's need for having productive citizenry that contributes knowledge and skills toward improving lives.

Philippine Education Act of 1982

Mandates that country's education system should ensure maximum contribution to attainment of the follow national development goals: (1) to achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social progress; (2) to ensure the maximum participation of all the people in the attainment and enjoyment of the benefits of such growth; and (3) to achieve and strengthen national unity and consciousness and preserve, develop and promote desirable cultural, moral and spiritual values in a changing world.

Animism

Belief that everything has a spirit: trees, birds, rainstorms, rocks. "Nature worship" or a nature-based spirituality. Practiced especially in Mindanao, where the Lumad reside.

Lumad

Non-Christian and non-Moslem ethnolinguistic groups.

Polytheism

Belief system that emphasizes belief in the existence of multiple gods.

Monotheism

Belief that only one all-powerful god exists. The Philippines' two dominant religions: Christianity and Islam, fall under this.

Democratic secularism

Lack of official institutionalization of religion in the Philippines, as the country adheres to this. It ensures both democracy and the separation of religion from government affairs.

Dominant religions

Played a major historical role and/or closely linked with certain countries' history and heritage are institutionalized or recognized as official religions.

Western; Traditional; Alternative

Health services rely on three (3) systems of healing:

Alternative healing systems

Incorporate culture-specific discourses related to illnesses, such as binat/bughat, bales/usog/buyag.

Binat/Bughat

Can be translated as "relapse" and it occurs when someone is recovering from illnesses but gets sick again shortly after or even during the recovery period.

Rest

Binat can only be beaten through _____.

Bales

A condition unique to Philippine folk medicine that is believed to be caused by an admiring or complimentary greeting or comment which carries bad wind with it.

Puwera isog

A verbal antidote (pang-kontra) for bales is to say _____.

7107

Number of islands in the Philippine archipelago:

175

Philippines has approximately _____ ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices.

Namamana

A common Filipino cultural belief related to health which pertains to inheritance.

Lihi

A common Filipino cultural belief related to health which pertains to conception or maternal cravings.

Sumpa/gaba

A common Filipino cultural belief related to health which pertains to curse.

Pasma

A common Filipino cultural belief related to health which pertains to hot and cold syndrome.

Namaligno

A common Filipino cultural belief related to health which pertains to mystical and supernatural causes.

Kaloob ng Diyos

A common Filipino cultural belief related to health which pertains to God's will.