a&p 2 ch 17 endocrine system

3rd semester // 03 sept 2025

melatonin

regulates sleep-wake cycles

thymosin

t- cell maturation (immune system function)

glucagon

breaks down glycogen in cells, releasing glucose and raising blood sugar

insulin

transports glucose from bloodstream to cells, lowering blood sugar

thyroid hormone

raises metabolic rate

calcitonin

bone deposition (lowers blood calcium levels)

parathyroid hormone

bone resorption (raises blood calcium levels)

estrogen & progesterone

regulation of reproductive cycle & female characteristics

testosterone

regulation of reproductive cycle & male characteristics

mineralocorticoids like aldosterone

water and na+ retention/k+ excretion

catecholamines like epinephrine & norepinephrine

increase heartrate, breathing, blood pressure, etc.

glucocorticoids like cortisol

tissue repair/anti-inflammatory

sex steroids

secondary sex characteristics

thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

thymus gland

pancreas gland

adrenal gland

testes gland

ovaries gland

posterior pituitary gland secretes

oxytocin & ADH

anterior pituitary gland secretes

LH, FSH, TSH, TRH, ACTH, GH & PRL

hypothalamus secretes

CRH, GnRH, GHRH, TRH, PIH & somatostatin

zona glomerulosa secretes

mineralocorticoids like aldosterone

zona fasciculata & reticularis secrete

glucocorticoids & sex steroid

medulla secretes

catecholamines like epinephrine & norepinephrine

diabetes mellitus

excess blood glucose

type 1 diabetes

body doesn’t produce insulin

type 2 diabetes

cells become resistant to insulin

diabetes insipidus

lack of adh so it is difficult for the body to conserve water