Week 4 PYSCH 105

Notes from video 1 and 2

What begins the process of human development?

The union of sperm and egg cell to form a fertilized egg or zygote.

What is a blastocyst?

A mass of identical cells formed about 10 to 14 days after fertilization.

During the embryonic stage, cells differentiate into how many distinct types?

Three distinct types.

What are the three distinct types of cells that form during embryonic development?

Nervous system and outer skin, skeletal system and voluntary muscles, gut and digestive organs.

At what point in development do major organ systems begin to develop?

One month after conception.

What reflex does a fetus exhibit when its lips are touched?

Sucking reflex.

What is a teratogen?

An environmental factor that can disrupt prenatal development.

What is the average weight of a newborn?

Approximately 7.5 pounds.

What is the rooting reflex in newborns?

The automatic response to anything that touches their cheek.

What is Piaget's first stage of cognitive development?

The sensory motor stage, from birth to about age 2.

What is object permanence?

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.

What denotes the pre-operational stage of cognitive development?

Mental representation of objects and events using words and images.

What is egocentrism in the pre-operational stage?

The inability to take another person's viewpoint.

What is the concrete operational stage characterized by?

Logical thinking about concrete events.

What is the highest stage of Kohlberg's moral development?

Post-conventional morality.

What is the Heinz dilemma?

A moral dilemma posed by Kohlberg to assess moral reasoning.

What did Carol Gilligan criticize about Kohlberg's theory?

That it was based on upper-class white males and did not consider women's moral reasoning.

What is the self-concept?

A representation that contains knowledge about oneself including beliefs about traits and roles.

What are the four attachment styles identified by Mary Ainsworth?

Secure, ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized.

What cognitive ability do infants start developing during the first year of life?

Language acquisition.

What theory did Noam Chomsky contribute to the field of linguistics?

The idea of universal grammar.

What was the purpose of the wug test?

To demonstrate that children understand the rules of language grammar.

What distinguishes Broca's aphasia from Wernicke's aphasia?

Broca's aphasia affects speech production, while Wernicke's affects comprehension.

What is the role of pragmatics in language?

To consider the context in interpretation of meaning.

What is habituation and how is it used in infant studies?

The decline in response to a familiar stimulus, used to measure infants' discrimination abilities.