Chemistry Unit 2

what functional group is this

alkane

alkene

What functional group and why

Alkyne (carbon with a triple bond)

what functional group

alcohol

what functional group

ether

what functional group

epoxide

what functional group

halokane

what functional group

aldehyde

what functional group

ketone

what functional group

carboxylic acid

what functional group

acid anhydride

what functional group

ester

what functional group

amide

what functional group

acyl halide

what functional group

amine

what functional group

Nitrile

what functional group

Imine

what functional group

isocyanate

what functional group

Azo compound

what functional group

arene

1 carbon means what prefix?

meth-

2 carbons means what prefix?

eth

3 carbons means what prefix

prop

4 carbons means what prefix

but

5 carbons means what prefix

pent

6 carbons means what prefix

hex

7 carbons means what prefix

hept

8 carbons means what prefix

oct

9 carbons means what prefix

non

10 carbons means what prefix

dec

11 carbons means what prefix

undec

12 carbons means what prefix

dodec

What is the name for CH4 alkane? why?

methane because theres only one carbon

What is the name for CH3—CH3 alkane? why?

ethane because theres two carbons

What is the name for CH3—-CH2—-CH3 alkane? why?

propane because theres three carbons

What does it mean for a name to have an -ane ending

its and alkane

What are alkanes?

molecules made up of only H’s and C’s (CH groups) bonded by single bonds only

What is an Ethyl group?

a group on molecule with two CH groups bonded together (2 C’s & 5 H’s total)

What is a methyl group?

a group on a molecule with only one C (1 C and 3 H’s total)

is this an ethyl or methyl group? Why?

ethyl because theres two carbons bonded together

What is a primary carbon?

Carbon of interest connected to one carbon

What is a secondary carbon?

carbon of interest connected to two carbons

what is a tertiary carbon?

carbon of interest connected to 3 carbons

What is a primary hydrogen?

Hydrogens connected to a primary carbon

what is a secondary hydrogen?

H’s conncected to a secondary carbon

what is a tertiary Hydrogen?

hydrogens connected to a tertiary carbon

How do you build the name of a compound?

the carbon number of whats attatched to the parent chain and then the name of the group attached (ethyl, methyl, etc.), how many C’s in the chain (hex, oct, hept, etc), and the name of the priority functional group (-ane, -yl, etc.)

In this ethane structure, where are the two C’s?

in the middle

Which is more stable; Staggered or eclipsed?

staggered

what kind of staggered conformation is this? why? is it the most or least stable of staggered? how many degrees is it?

anti conformation because the CH3’s are furthest apart as possible, most stable, 60 degrees

what kind of staggered conformation is this? Why? is it most or least stable of staggered? How many degrees is it?

Gauche conformation because it’s still staggered but the methyl (CH3) groups are closer together, less stable than anti ,60 degrees

is this a total eclipse?

no

is this a total eclipse?

yes

Rank the conformations from highest to lowest stability

anti conformation, gauche, partial eclipse, total eclipse

Rank the conformations from lowest to highest energy

anti conformation, gauche, partial eclipse, total eclipse

what is the relationship between conformation energy and stability

more UNstable molecules have HIGHER potential energy and more STABLE molecules have LESS potential energy

What does 4-ethyl-3,5-dimethylheptane mean and what is the formula?

an ethyl group hanging off of carbon 4, 1 methyl group hanging off of carbon 3 and one hanging off of carbon 5, dimethyl means 2 methyl groups, heptane means theres 7 carbons in the parent chain, -ane means its an alkyl group (only CH’s)

draw the Newman Projection of this molecule

What functional groups are in this molecule? (the red stands for oxygen)

alkyne, ketone, ether

what are constitutional isomers?

molecules that share the same molecular formula but have different atom connectivity and bonding arrangements

What are stereoisomers?

a molecule that has the same chemical formula and atom bonding order as another molecule, but differs in the three-dimensional arrangement of its atoms in space

What kind of isomer is this? why?

stereoisomer because its the exact same but the wedge and dash differences indicate different spacing

What kind of isomer is this? Why?

Constitutional isomer because it has the same molecular formula but the atoms are bonded in different places

What is a “cis” isomer?

a stereoisomer that has its functional groups on the same side of a plane

What is a “trans” isomer?

a stereoisomer with it’s functional groups on the opposite sides of a plane

is this “cis” or “trans” why?

Cis because the chlorines are on the same side

is this cis or trans? why?

trans because the chlorines are on the opposite sides

What kind of Butyl group is this and why?

Sec butyl because its a straight 4 carbon chain branching off of the primary chain

what kind of butyl group is this and why?

its a tert butyl because theres 3 carbons branching off of a carbon attatched to the main chain

What kind of butyl group is this and why

its a isobutyl group because its 2 straight line carbons with 2 other carbons branching off of one

what is the name of this structure? why?

2,2-dimethylbutane: theres 2 methyl groups hanging off of carbon 2 on the main chain (hence the 2,2 and di prefix), 4 carbons in the main chain (hence the middle but), and its an alkane (only CH’s) giving it an -ane suffix

what is the name of the red substituent?

isobutyl

what is the relationship between alkanes and boiling points?

the more carbons there are, the higher the BP, and the more branches off of the main chain there are, the lower the boiling point; methane has the lowest BP, dectane has the highest

What is saturation in a hydrocarbon?

The max amount of hydrogens possible in a structure, single bonds

What is unsaturation in a hydrocarbon?

less than the max amount of hydrogens possible, double/triple bonds

What is the degree of unsaturation DOU formula?

2c + 2 + N - H - X divided by 2

Which one is unsaturated and why?

C4H8 because it has less than the max amount of hydrogens possible

How many degrees of unsaturation are present here? how do you know?

theres 8 because there are 6 double bonds and two cycloalkanes which each add one extra degree

What is the DOU of C12H6CIFN2OS how do you know? show the equation

2(12)+2+2-6-2 divided by 2 means the answer is 10 because C is 12 plus 2 plus N which has 2 minus the 6 H’s minus 2 because theres one Cl and one F

what is the name of this molecule? How do you know? What is the DOU?

cyclopentane: cyclo because its a ring, pentane because its a 5 carbon alkane. DOU is 1

What is the name of this molecule? how do you know? what is the DOU?

cyclopropane: cyclo because its a ring, prop because there 3 carbons, ane because its an alkane DOU= 1

How do we know where to start numbering the carbons?

We assign carbon one at the ethyl group and assign carbon 2 at the methyl group next to it because E comes before M and we continue in that direction all the way around the molecule

What is the name of this molecule and how do you know?

1-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane because theres an ethyl group off of carbon 1, a methyl group off of carbon 2, and 5 carbons on the main chain meaning its a cyclopentane

What is the name of this molecule and how do you know?

1,3-dimethylcyclobutane

Which chain would be the parent chain of the molecule? (the cyclo or the straight chain) Why?

the straight chain, heptane would be the parent chain because it has more carbons than the cyclohexane

What is the name of this molecule? How do you know?

3-cyclohexylheptane: 3 because the cyclohexane is hanging off of carbon 3 on the parent chain, heptane because theres 7 carbons on the parent chain

What is the wedge and dash telling us about these chlorines? is this isomer cis or trans? How do you know?

It tells us that one chlorine atom is in the front and one chlorine atom is in the back. This is a trans isomer because the Cl’s are on different sides of the plane (one in front and one in back)