Chapter11

World war l

The “Great War” (1914–1918), in essence a European civil war with a global reach that was marked by massive casualties, trench warfare, and mobilization of entire populations. It triggered the Russian Revolution, led to widespread disillusionment among intellectuals, and rearranged the political map of Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

Total war

War that requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population in the effort to defeat the enemy.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II.

Russian Revolution

Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin

Lenin

Born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, leader of the Russian Bolshevik (later Communist) Party in 1917, when it seized power

Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union from the late 1920s until his death

Collectivization of agriculture

Communist policies that ended private ownership of land by incorporating peasants from small family farms into large-scale collective farms. Implemented forcibly in the Soviet Union (1928–1933), it led to a terrible famine and 5 million deaths; a similar process occurred much more peacefully in China during the 1950s.

Great Depression

Worldwide economic contraction that began in 1929 with a stock market crash in the United States and continued in many areas until the outbreak of World War II.

Fascism

Mussolini

Nazi party

Hitler

Revolutionary Right (Japan)

World war ll in Asia

World war ll in Europe

Holocaust

Communism in Eastern Europe

Hi Chi Minh

Chinese Revolution of 1949

Mao Zedong

Guomindang