PE unit 1 AOS1

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of body

superior

Higher on the body, closer to the head

inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

medial

closer to the midline of the body

lateral

further away from the midline of the body

proximal

a body part closer to the point of attachment

distal

a body part further away from the point of attachment

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

away from the surface of the body

palmer

anterior side of the hand

dorsal

back of the body and top of foot

plantar

bottom of the foot

saggital plane (median)

divides the body into a right and left side

ligaments

connective tissue that connects bone to bone

functions of skeletal system

protection, support, movement, produce blood cell, mineral storage

long bone

long and thin

short bones

small cube shaped

flat bones

flattened, broad surface

irregular

vary in shape, complex shape

vertebral column

protects spinal cord and made up 33 vertebrae

what part of the vertebrae is fused

sacrum and coccyx

fixed or fibrous joints

immovable

cartilaginous

slightly moveable

synovial

freely moveable

synovial joints characteristics

synovial fluid, freely moveable, articular joint capsule, synovial membrane

pivot joint

rotation of one bone around another, e.g. atlas

gliding joint

gliding movements as one bone slides on top of another, e.g. carpals, vertebrae

ball and socket

wide range of movements in all directions, e.g. shoulder and hip

hinge joint

movements in one plane only, e.g. knee and elbow

saddle joint

movement occurs in two planes e.g. carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb

condyloid joint

movement limited to a hinge motion in two planes, e.g. wrist

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

extension

increases the angle of a joint

flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

rotation

body part makes a turning movement while rest of body remains still

pronation

palm facing down

supination

palm facing up

inversion

foot angled towards midline of body

eversion

foot turned away from midline

Dorsiflexion

ankle joint is lifted towards sky

planterflexion

ankle is facing down towards the floor

cardiac muscles

muscles that are found in the heart and are involuntary

smooth muscles

muscles are involuntary and are found in blood vessels and intestines etc.

skeletal muscles

attached to bones throughout the body and are voluntary

origin

point where muscle attaches to fixed or stationary bone

insertion

point where muscle attaches to the bone that moves the most.

circular fibre arragement

arranged cocentrically around an opening

convergent fibre arragements

broad base at the origin but then comes to a single attachment site

parallel fibre arragement types

fibres arranged in a parallel pattern, fibres run in same direction along axis of muscle

pennate

having a structure like a feather

slow twitch fibres (type 1)

slow contraction speed, relatively small compared to fast twitch, produce less force, low fatiguability, red, use of oxygen

fast twitch (type 2a)

can be trained to be slow twitch uses oxygen to produce atp

fast twitch (type 2b)

no use of ooxygen, fatigue quick, high amounts of force

mitochondria

where atp is produced

myoglobin

transferring oxygen from blood to muscle tissue

myofibrils

bundles of protein filaments that run the length of the muscle fibre

sacromere

a contractile unit of a muscle fibre

mysoin

thick protein filament found in the sacromere

actin

thin protein filaments found in the sacromere

reciprocal inhibition

the concept that muscles work in pairs around a joint

isotonic concentric contraction

muscle length shortens when exerting a force

isotonic eccentric contraction

muscle length extends when exerting a a force

isometric contraction

the muscle length remains the same when exerting a force

isokinetic contraction

muscle produces the same force at the same velocity through a full range of motion

first class lever

axis in middle, force at one end, resistence at the other

second class lever

force at one end, axis that the other, resistence in the middle

third class lever

force in the middle, axis at one end, resistence at the other