Acid-Base & Water Balance — Multiple Choice Questions
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70 Terms
Which fluid compartment contains the majority of body water?
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
What triggers the thirst mechanism in the hypothalamus?
Decreased plasma osmolality by 2–3%
Which hormone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
Aldosterone
Which electrolyte is most abundant in the intracellular fluid?
K⁺
What is the major anion in the extracellular fluid?
Cl⁻
Which condition results from excessive water intake or renal insufficiency?
Hypotonic hydration
What is the effect of ADH on the kidneys?
Increases water reabsorption
Which buffer system is the most important in extracellular fluid?
Bicarbonate buffer system
Which type of acid-base imbalance is caused by hypoventilation?
Respiratory acidosis
How do the kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis?
Retaining bicarbonate ions
What is the main cation in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Na⁺
What happens to cells during dehydration?
They lose water and shrink
Which hormone is released by the heart to lower blood pressure and blood volume?
ANP
What condition is characterized by fluid buildup in interstitial spaces?
Edema
Which buffer system functions primarily in urine and ICF?
Phosphate buffer system
Which chemical reaction represents the respiratory regulation of pH?
CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻
What happens to pH when CO₂ levels rise in the blood?
pH decreases
Which of the following is a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Vomiting of stomach acid
Which cells in the nephron secrete H⁺ and reabsorb bicarbonate during acidosis?
Type A intercalated cells
What acid-base imbalance is commonly caused by hyperventilation?
Respiratory alkalosis
Which hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb water directly?
ADH
Which of the following best defines acidosis?
Arterial blood pH below 7.35
What effect does hyperkalemia have on resting membrane potential (RMP)?
It causes depolarization and reduces excitability
What electrolyte imbalance may occur with renal failure or excessive ingestion of potassium-rich food?
Hyperkalemia
Which buffer system is the most powerful and abundant in intracellular fluid?
Protein buffer system
What condition results when blood pH drops below 7.0?
CNS depression and possible coma
Which renal mechanism generates new bicarbonate ions by excreting ammonium (NH₄⁺)?
Glutamine metabolism in PCT
What is the effect of aldosterone on potassium levels?
It stimulates potassium secretion
Which condition is a result of excess loss of bicarbonate due to diarrhea?
Metabolic acidosis
What is the normal pH range for arterial blood?
7.35–7.45
What is the primary trigger for aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex?
Renin-angiotensin mechanism
What is the role of baroreceptors in water and electrolyte balance?
They alert the brain to blood pressure changes
Which ion is secreted in exchange for bicarbonate reabsorption during acidosis?
H⁺
What happens when plasma osmolality increases?
Thirst is triggered and ADH is released
Which of the following contributes to fluid shifts between compartments?
Osmotic and hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following is a symptom of severe hypotonic hydration?
Cerebral edema
What does hypocalcemia cause?
Increased excitability and muscle tetany
Which hormone opposes aldosterone by promoting Na⁺ and water loss?
ANP
Which of the following is a volatile acid removed by the lungs?
Carbonic acid
What occurs in respiratory alkalosis?
Decreased CO₂ and high pH
What is the minimum volume of urine required daily to excrete body wastes?
500 mL
Which hormone increases NaCl reabsorption similar to aldosterone?
Estrogen
What effect does progesterone have on sodium levels?
Blocks aldosterone and decreases Na⁺ reabsorption
What is the primary function of phosphate buffering?
Buffers urine and ICF
Which of the following is considered a fixed acid that the kidneys must excrete?
Lactic acid
Which hormone helps the kidneys retain calcium?
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
What is the effect of high blood pressure on baroreceptors?
Causes afferent arteriole dilation and Na⁺ excretion
What happens to HCO₃⁻ during respiratory acidosis with renal compensation?
It increases
Which of the following conditions causes metabolic acidosis?
Starvation and ketone accumulation
What happens to breathing during metabolic alkalosis as compensation?
Becomes slow and shallow
What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
What causes fluid to leave the capillaries into interstitial space?
High capillary hydrostatic pressure
Which hormone promotes vasodilation and inhibits renin release?
ANP
Which condition causes excessive dilution of extracellular fluid and cellular swelling?
Hypotonic hydration
Which of the following is a weak acid in the bicarbonate buffer system?
H₂CO₃
What happens to HCO₃⁻ in the nephron during acidosis?
It is reabsorbed or newly generated
What is the role of respiratory centers in the brainstem during acidosis?
Increase breathing rate and depth
Which renal cells are active during alkalosis?
Type B intercalated cells
Which hormone increases during low blood pressure and stimulates sodium reabsorption?
Aldosterone
Which of the following is a function of phosphate in the body?
Weak acid buffer in ICF and urine
What is the most abundant solute in body fluids that contributes to osmotic pressure?
Electrolytes
What term describes a condition where blood plasma proteins are too low, reducing reabsorption at capillaries?
Hypoproteinemia
What is the effect of PTH on the bones?
Activates osteoclasts to release calcium
What happens in metabolic alkalosis?
Blood pH increases, and HCO₃⁻ rises
Which electrolyte is closely regulated to prevent cardiac arrhythmias?
Potassium
How does aldosterone respond to high potassium levels in the ECF?
Stimulates potassium secretion
What is the result of a loss of HCO₃⁻ through prolonged diarrhea?
Metabolic acidosis
Which of the following contributes to insensible water loss?
Lungs and skin evaporation
Which mechanism compensates for a drop in blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What are amphoteric molecules, such as proteins, capable of doing?
Acting as both weak acids and weak bases