ALL DISEASES FOR BRAIN BEE

Heminglect syndrome Causes

Stroke or damage to the right side of the brain, usually in the right parietal cortex(important for involuntary attention)

Heminglect syndrome symptoms

1. The patient is unaware of the left side of his body

2. May eat food from one side

3. Write from one side

4. May ignore the other side of their visual(cant notice stimuli from left side)

ADHD symptoms

Unable to focus'

Hyperactivity

Impulsive behavior

ADHD treatments

Methylphenidate(improve attention by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine)

Schizophrenia symptoms

Hallucinations

Delusions

Hard to make decisions

Loss of motivation and pleasure(anhedonia)
inpairment in selective attention

Prospronogia causes and symptoms

The inability to identify a familar face (family members, friends)

Caused by the damage to the FFA and PPA

HAND(HIV associated neurological disorder) symptoms

Mainly affects processing speed and motor skills

causes of epilepsy

Stroke, Brain tumor, Traumatic brain injury, Central nervous system infection,

Generalized seizure and types

a seizure that affects both sides of the brain

absence seizures and tonic-clonic seizures

Absence (Petitmal) Seizures

Causes rapid blinking or staring spells
type of general seizure(both hemispheres)

tonic-clonic seizure

Tonic phase: muscles stiffening

clonic phase: muscle spasms and convulsion
type of general seizure(both hemispheres)

secondary generalized seizure

Partial seizure that transitions to generalized seizure activity

focal seizure and complex focal seizure

A simple focal seizure can cause twitching or a change in sensation, triggering strange smells or tastes.

a complex one can cause loss of consciousness or confusion

Cerebral palsy causes

Head injury to brain areas related with movement

Bleeding in the brain

infection

Cerebral palsy symptoms

Damage to motor areas, stiffness and floppiness in muscles and involuntary movements may occur

Ischemic stroke causes

a blockage in the blood vessels(usually because of a blood clot)

athersclerosis(build up of fatty plaques in vessels)

Ischemic stroke treatment

Tissue plasmogen activator(tPA) dissolves clots and opens up the blood stream

hemorrhagic strokes causes

1. high blood pressures

2. Aneurysm(weak blood vessel walls)

3. Amyloid buildup in blood vessels

what is Peripheral neuropathy(a symptom of diseases)

Damage to the peripheral nerves in the peripheral nervous system

Peripheral neuropathy

Tingling and numbness

Muscle weakness, Burning or shooting pain
hint(not a main one)

quadriplegic cause and symptoms

damage to the spine

paralysis of limbs

strabimus

Causes

Damage to ocular nerves

Symptoms

Eye deviations

Middle sightness

Outward deviation

fragile X syndrome Causes

genetically mutation of FMR1 gene in the chromosome X

fragile X syndrome symptoms

1. Autism

2. Delay in learning basic skill(language, crawling, walking)

3. Flat feet, low muscle tone

Autism symptoms

1. Bad social skills(bad at social cues, sharing emotions)

2. Could have no speech at all

3. Intense focus on one thing

4. Unusual sensitivity to sensory inputs

Megalencephaly and microcephaly Causes

Too much proliferation of neurons

Genetical mutation

Megalencephaly and microcephaly Symptoms

Bigger head for mega and smaller head for micro

Intellectual disabilities

Delayed motor development

Delayed speech development

Seizures

Migraines causes

Changes in the brain stem and interactions with the trigemial nerve

Increase activity in the cerebral blood vessels

migraines symptoms

1. Throbbing head pain

2. Hypersensitivity to light

3. Migranous aura(flashing lights and lines)

Migraines treatments

triptan(activates specific serotonin receptors )

Congenital insensitivity to pain

the condition of being born without the ability to perceive pain

Brocas aphasia(non fluent) Symptoms

1.Person can only say short phrases and words

2. Reading and comprehension is fine though

3. Can't write

Wernickes aphasia(fluent) symptoms

1. Fluent speech but the words are arranged wrongly

2. Comprehension, reading, writing, are all impaired

Global aphasia definition and where the damage is

Cant read, write, comprehend, and speak

damage to both brocas and wernickes area

Conduction aphasia causes

1. Damage to the connection between the brocas area and wernickes area

2. Damage specifically to the arcuate fasciculus which is a white matter tract

Conduction aphasia Symptoms

1. Speech and comprehension are good

2. Word finding and repeating words is bad

Dyslexia symptoms

Difficulty of pronouncing phonemes ( letter sounds)

Difficulty pronouncing new words

Abnormal signaling of the language parts of the brain to memory

Conductive hearing loss causes

Caused by a ear tumor or changes in middle ear pressure

damage up to the oval window

Sensorineural hearing loss causes

Damage to areas of the inner ear

Caused hair cell damage, brain tumor

Narcolepsy causes

Low levels of orexin(arousal NT)

Narcolepsy Symptoms

1. Random sleep attacks

2. Cataplexy attacks(paralysis of the muscles)

3. Sleep paralysis(cant move body waking up or starting to sleep)

4. Hallucinations of getting attacked

5. Hypnagonic hallucinations as you go to bed

Obstructive sleep apnea Causes

Obesity

Genetically inherited enlarged tonsil and other throat or mouth characteristics

Obstructive sleep apnea symptoms

Terrible sleep

Wake up in the middle of the night to breath

Snoring - gasping for air- cycle repeats

3 types of insomnia and definition

Onset insomnia, Maintenance insomnia, Fatal familial insomnia

insomnia, REM sleep disorder treatments

Benzodiazepines(induces sleep because it enhances the effects of GABA inhibitory NT)

Restless leg syndrome causes

Iron deficiency

Incorrect dopamine signaling

Restless leg syndrome symptoms

Tingling or buzzing in someones limbs causing them to voluntarily move them

Isnt classified as a sleeping disorder but it can deter sleep

Periodic limb movement disorder

Involuntary kicking or swinging of the legs and arms

Bipolar disease Symptoms

Mania symptoms

-Recklessness

-Easily distracted

Depression symptoms

-Hopelessness

-loss of pleasure and interest

Bipolar Disease Treatment

Lithium drugs(antipsychotics that help decrease mania symptoms)

Antidepressants for depression symptoms

Major depression Treatments

SSRI's (seratonin reuptake inhibitors, more serotonin in the brain)

SAD(seasonal affective disorder)

a type of depression that is related to changes in seasons and begins and ends about the same time every year

PTSD symptoms

1. Reliving the traumatic event(flashbacks)

2. Avoidance of things that remind you of the traumatic event

3. hyperarousal(very wary of your surroundings)

4. Dizziness, fainting,

PTSD treatment

Prazosin and beta blockers which decrease norepinephrine(flight or fight NT)

Borderline personality disorder symptoms

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control, Intense fear of abandoment, Views of others can suddenly change

, Fear of being alone

Korsakoff's syndrome symptoms

1. Inability to form new memories after the onset of the disease

2. Short-term memory is cooked

3. Gaps in long-term memory

4. confabulation(filling in memory with false info)

No behavioral or personality changes

Korsakoff's syndrome causes

1. Both are caused by vitamin B1 deficiency(thiamine)

2. B1 deficiency caused by alcohol abuse or malabsorption(inability to absorb the vitamin)

Alzheimers disease Causes

1. Amyloid beta plaques(Neuritic plaques)

tau(tangles within neurons)(Neurofibrillary tangles)

Shrinked brain

2. Mutation of the PSEN gene, which cleaves the amyloid precursor protein(producer of amyloid beta peptides)

3. TOMM40 mutation, which causes a change in the length of the intron

4. Loss of function Mutation in the TREM2 allow the amyloid beta protein to build without restraint

Alzheimers disease Symptoms

Early: Memory problems, Difficulty calculating and concentrating

Mild: Personality and behavioral changes, Taking longer to complete certain tasks, getting lost

Moderate: Forget who family are, Hallucinations, Can't learn new things

Severe: Bedridden,Weight loss,Bowel issues

Frontotemporal dementia causes

Tau protein tangles

Mutation of C9ORF72

Frontotemporal dementia Symptoms

1. Behavioral and personality changes

2. difficulty in social settings

3. Language difficulties (loss of speech)

4. Memory loss like Alzheimer's

Alzheimers treatments

1. memantine(NMDA antagonist that prevent exocitoxicity by calcium)

2. donepezil,Rivastigmine, (aceythcholinerase inhibitor that increases aceythcholine in the brain)

3. Donepezil and memantine is combined to help relieve symptoms in moderate and severe stages

Botulism causes

Toxin cleaves the SNARE protein, preventing the SNARE protein from helping neurotransimitter filled vesicles from expelling NT's in the synaptic cleft

botulism symptoms

Muscle spasms

muscles and face

physical and biological cause of Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Neurodegenerative condition from repeated head injuries.(prevelant in atheletes)

causes a build up of abnormal proteins

Huntingtons disease cause

• Genetic mutation on chromosome 4

• The more copies of the CAG nucleotide, the more likely chance of developing huntingtons disease

Huntingtons disease

• Invounluntary jerky movements(chorea)

• dementia(loss of memory and judgement)

• Dance like walk

• Personality changes

Parkinsons disease causes

• Death of dopamine creating area of the brain(substantia nigra)

• Could be due to a prevalence of lewy bodies forming in neurons which are alpha synuclein proteins which kills dopamine creating neurons

• could be a genetic mutation in LRRK2 gene

parkinsons disease symptoms

• resting tremor

• masked facial expressions

• bradykinesis(slow movements)

• rigid muscles

• dystonia( postural instability/abnormality)

multiple sclerosis biological cause

• Inflammation of neurons which causes the myelin sheath to get damaged

• Body attacks itself

multiple sclerosis symptoms

• bladder control issues

• tingling, numbness

• vision loss or eye pain

• muscle weakness

myasthenia gravis biological cause

autoimmune response that attacks and destroys the aceytcholine receptors

myasthenia gravis symptoms

• vision issues(drooping eyelids and double vision)

• muscle weakness that gets better with rest

• throat muscle weakness issues( speaking and swallowing issues)

wernickes encenthalopy symptoms

• confusion

• muscle ataxia(coordination issues)

• rapid saccades or paralysis of saccades

wernickes encenthalopy causes

b12(thiame) deficiency

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis symptoms

• muscle atropy and weakness that eventually leads to paralysis

• muscle fasciulations(muscle twitches)

• no sensory or cognitive issues

tourette syndrome

• TICS( involuntary movements)

• Can prevent tics for a short period of time

chronic traumatic encephalopathy symptoms

memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, impulse control problems, aggression

post traumatic epilepsy cause

caused by traumatic brain injuries