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stages of social-emotional development
created by Erik Erikson
trust vs. mistrust
1st stage (infancy: 0-23 months)
learning to trust the world + those around us
caregivers must consistently meet babies needs
consequences of not developing it - more likely to experience loneliness
autonomy vs shame + doubt
2nd stage (early childhood: 2-4 yrs)
developing a sense of independence + control
excessive help from parents can produce a person w/ self-doubt, low self-esteem, + perceived lack of control
initiative vs guilt
3rd stage (preschool age: 4-5yrs)
develop the desire to try new things
industry vs inferiority
4th stage (school age: 5-12 yrs)
develop a sense of confidence + sense of what they’re good at
helps develop self-worth, competence, + pride
identity vs role confusion
5th stage (adolescence: 13-19 yrs)
“who am I"?”
impacts on identity: race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, occupation, family
role confusion can result in weak sense of self + difficulty w/ confidence
identity diffusion
no explored identities
identity moratorium
person tries new things (a time period)
identity achievement
commitment to an identity after exploring alternatives
identity foreclosure
committing to an identity w/o exploration, often due to external pressures
intimacy vs isolation
6th stage (early adulthood: 20-39 yrs)
healthy relationships that foster companionship, love (platonic/romantic) + honesty bring about social support
generativity vs stagnation
7th stage (adulthood: 40-64 yrs)
aim to create things that outlive the indv. + continues to the future (ex. having a child/or a career)
stagnation leads to narcissism
integrity vs despair
8th stage (maturity: 65yrs-death)
looking back on life, people in this stage may feel satisfied/fulfilled or regretful/disappointed