Skill Acquisition

Skill

Learned ability to bring about predetermined results

ACE FACE

Aesthetically pleasing

Consistent

Efficient

Fluent

Accurate

Controlled

Economical

Ability

A persons natural potential to perform a specific activity/sport

Skill Continua - Swimming - Triple jump - Serve

Continuous - Serial - Discrete

Skill Continua - Rock Climbing - Sailing

Self paced - Externally paced

Skill Continua - Dribbling - Gymnastics routine

Open - Closed

Skill Continua - Rugby tackle - Darts

Gross - Fine

Skill Continua - Backflip - Swimming

High - Low organisation

Skill Continua - Roly poly - Diving

Simple - Complex

6 skill continua

Continuous - serial - discrete

Self paced - Externally paced

Open - closed

Gross - fine

High - low organisation

Simple - complex

Learning

Permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice or experience

Plateau

No change in the performance as measured

3 stages of leaning

Cognitive - associative - autonomous

Stimulus response theory

Stimulus - Information entering sensory system

Response - An action

Practice - Makes SR bond stronger

Operant conditioning + Who

Skinner

trial and error

behaviour is shaped and maintained by consequences

What do positive and negative reinforcement do

Strengthen behaviour

Hulls drive reduction theory

When an individual completes a task, their drive to complete It again is reduced so a new challenge must be introduced

Positive transfer

One skill helps learning of another

Negative transfer

One skill hinders learning of another

Zero transfer

One skill has no effect on learning of another

Bi-lateral transfer

Learning transfered from limb to limb

Proactive transfer

When a skill or task presently being learned has an effect on future skills or tasks

Retroactive transfer

When a skill or task presently being learned has an effect on previously learned

Guidance

Helps learners learn new skills effectively

3 types of guidance

Visual

Verbal

Manual / Mechanical

Methods of practice

Whole

Part

Thole-part-whole

Types of practice

Fixed / variable

Massed / Distributed

Mental practice

Uses of fixed / variable practice

Fixed for closed skills

Variable for open skills

Fixed practice

Practicing same skill in stable and predictable environment

Variable practice

Practicing skills in different conditions

Massed practice

Long continuous sessions designed to increase repetition and build motor programmes

Distributed practice

Short frequent sessions - allows rest

mental practice

Visualisation

Feedback

Information available to a performer during or after performing to alter performance

Reasons for feedback (MRI)

Motivate

Reinforce

Inform

Types of Intrinsic feedback (3)

Kinaesthetic

Equilibrium

Proprioception

Types of extrinsic feedback (2)

Tangible - Facts + figures

Intangible - advice + motivation

Positive feedback…

Reinforces skill learning

Negative feedback

Information about unsuccessful action

Knowledge of performance

Information about why a performance went well

Terminal feedback

Feedback after performance
allows athlete to analyse themself

Concurrent feedback

Feedback given during performance

Basic model of information processing

Input - decision making - output

6 types of input detection

Audition

Vision

Proprioreception

Touch

Equilibrium

Kinaethesis

Selective attention

The process of filtering out unnecessary information and picking important bits from a display

Perception (input)

Brain interpreting and making sense of the information given

DCR process (perception)

Detection - comparison - processing

detected by senses

coded and compared

codes match due to previous experience

Where is selecting attention along the memory stores

Between STSS and STM

STSS functions

stores all information for max 1 second

if attention paid then transfers to STM

STM fucntions

Working memory where info processed

Holds 5-9 pieces info for 30 seconds

LTM functions

Permanent store of info

Unlimited capacity and can store forever

Information encoded through repetition + practice

CALORI memory processing

Cognitive effort - more effort, better remembered

Association - linking new info to old knowledge

Linking - Connecting similar concepts

Organisation - Structured info

Repetition - more practice, improves

Imagery - visualisation

Response time

Reaction time + movement time

Reaction time

Time form onset of stimulus to first movement

Movement time

Time form initiation to completion

Simple reaction time

1 stimulus, 1 response

Choice reaction time

having to respond to several stimuli

Hicks law - reaction time

More choices you have to process, longer reaction time is

Spatial anticipation

Predicting what the actions of their opponents will be

Temporal anticipation

Predicting when an action will take place

Anticipation

Draw on past experiences to predict what is going to happen

Single channel hypothesis theory

The brain can only deal with one piece of info at a time - so when multiple stimuli it causes the bottleneck effect

Psychological refractory period

If second stimulus follows closely behind the first, reaction time - reaction time is slowed due to increased information processing

Motot programme

A set of movements stored in the memory

How does a motor programme run

subroutines are put into movement by the effector mechanism

Where are motor programmes stored

In the LTM

Executive programme

A series of subroutines organised in correct sequence to perform a movement

Closed loop control theory

Possible feedback and correcting during performance

Open loop control theory

All info sent as a single message before hand

Schema theory

General motor programme which can be adapted (e.g. throwing/kicking schema)

What are the 3 stages information processing and what doe they include in Welfords model

Perception - including sense organs + DCR

Translation - STM - LTM relationship

Effectors - motor programmes

What does Whiting call his 3 stages

Perceptual mechanism

Translatory mechanism

Effector mechanism