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Basic unit of matter
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Macromolecule
a large molecule
Organelle
specialized structure within the cell
Cell
Basic unit of life
Tissue
group of similar cells that perform a particular function
Organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
Organ System
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
Organism
An individual living thing
Carbon
one of the four atoms found in all living organisms and bonds 4 times
bonds 4x and makes a molecule organic
Chemical Bond
the force that holds substances together
Compound
when two or more elements combine
Electron
negatively charged particles located outside the nucleus
Element
a chemical made up of only one kind of atom
Hydrogen
one of the four atoms found in all living organisms and bonds 1 time
Molecular Formula
a molecular formula shows the type of atoms in the molecule and the number of each atom
Neutron
particle with no charge found inside the nuclueus
Nitrogen
one of the four atoms found in all living organisms and bonds 3 times
Oxygen
one of the four atoms found in all living organisms and bonds two timews
Phosphorus
atom found inside the nucleic acid
Proton
positively charge particle found inside the nucleus
Structural Formula
a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound.
Amino Acid
monomer of a protein
Atomic Nucleus
An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.
Dehydration Synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
DNA
polymer of nucleic acids
Energy
the ability to move and power the body and all things
Enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
Glycerol
Combines with fatty acids to make lipids.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Fatty Acid
Building Blocks of Lipids
Monomer
building blocks of polymers
Monosaccharide
A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.
What atoms are Nucleic Acid made of
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids
Polymer
molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
RNA
ribonucleic acid
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
Cellular Respiration
a chemical process in which the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken down and new molecules are formed that can transport energy to muscles.
Chemical Energy
A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Glucose
C6H12O6
Fermentation
the process of releasing energy from food molecules to produce energy (ATP), without oxygen.
Input
what is put in, taken in, or operated on by any process or system.
Lactic Acid
product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Output
The results of the operation of any system.
Reactant
A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction
Product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
Water
H2O
Positive Feedback
Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.
Negative Feedback
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
Involuntary Response
A response to a stimulus that occurs without someone making a conscious choice. They are automatic, such as reflexes.
Voluntary Response
sampling design where individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample
Stimulus
a signal to which an organism responds
Thermoregulation
Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
Carbon Cycle
the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back
chemical energy
Energy stored in chemical bonds
Chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
Energy
the ability to do work
heat energy
thermal energy
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change
matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
respiration
the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water
Solar energy
energy from the sun
Animal cell
does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole
cell wall
a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane.
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
plant cell
contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole
prokaryotic cell
cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Community
All the different populations that live together in an area
Consumers
An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms
Ecology
The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment
Energy pyramid
Shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web
Food chain
A series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.
Food web
a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
primary consumer
An organism that eats producers
producer
An organism that can make its own food.
secondary consumer
An organism that eats primary consumers
Tertiary consumer
An organism that eats secondary consumers
trophic level
Each step in a food chain or food web
carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
density dependent factors
limiting factor that depends on population size
Density Independent factors
limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density
Emigration
movement of individuals out of an area
Exponential Growth
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
Growth Rate
Rate of increase or decrease of a population
Immigration
Movement of individuals into a population
Limiting factor
factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease
Note
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