Bio Mid Term

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Macromolecule

a large molecule

Organelle

specialized structure within the cell

Cell

Basic unit of life

Tissue

group of similar cells that perform a particular function

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

Organ System

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organism

An individual living thing

Carbon

one of the four atoms found in all living organisms and bonds 4 times

bonds 4x and makes a molecule organic

Chemical Bond

the force that holds substances together

Compound

when two or more elements combine

Electron

negatively charged particles located outside the nucleus

Element

a chemical made up of only one kind of atom

Hydrogen

one of the four atoms found in all living organisms and bonds 1 time

Molecular Formula

a molecular formula shows the type of atoms in the molecule and the number of each atom

Neutron

particle with no charge found inside the nuclueus

Nitrogen

one of the four atoms found in all living organisms and bonds 3 times

Oxygen

one of the four atoms found in all living organisms and bonds two timews

Phosphorus

atom found inside the nucleic acid

Proton

positively charge particle found inside the nucleus

Structural Formula

a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound.

Amino Acid

monomer of a protein

Atomic Nucleus

An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

DNA

polymer of nucleic acids

Energy

the ability to move and power the body and all things

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Glycerol

Combines with fatty acids to make lipids.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Fatty Acid

Building Blocks of Lipids

Monomer

building blocks of polymers

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

What atoms are Nucleic Acid made of

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids

Polymer

molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules

Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

RNA

ribonucleic acid

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

Cellular Respiration

a chemical process in which the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken down and new molecules are formed that can transport energy to muscles.

Chemical Energy

A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Glucose

C6H12O6

Fermentation

the process of releasing energy from food molecules to produce energy (ATP), without oxygen.

Input

what is put in, taken in, or operated on by any process or system.

Lactic Acid

product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Output

The results of the operation of any system.

Reactant

A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

Product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

Water

H2O

Positive Feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

Negative Feedback

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

Involuntary Response

A response to a stimulus that occurs without someone making a conscious choice. They are automatic, such as reflexes.

Voluntary Response

sampling design where individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample

Stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

Thermoregulation

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

Carbon Cycle

the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back

chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Energy

the ability to do work

heat energy

thermal energy

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change

matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

respiration

the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water

Solar energy

energy from the sun

Animal cell

does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole

cell wall

a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane.

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

plant cell

contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole

prokaryotic cell

cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Consumers

An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

Decomposers

Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms

Ecology

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

Energy pyramid

Shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

Food chain

A series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.

Food web

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

primary consumer

An organism that eats producers

producer

An organism that can make its own food.

secondary consumer

An organism that eats primary consumers

Tertiary consumer

An organism that eats secondary consumers

trophic level

Each step in a food chain or food web

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

density dependent factors

limiting factor that depends on population size

Density Independent factors

limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

Exponential Growth

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

Growth Rate

Rate of increase or decrease of a population

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

Limiting factor

factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease