Notes for Exam Comm.

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35 Terms

1

Communication

A systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings.

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2

Content Level Meaning

The literal message in communication.

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3

Relationship Level Meaning

Expresses the relationship between individuals communicating.

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4

Linear Model of Communication

A model where one person sends a message to another who receives it, with no conversation.

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5

Interactive Model of Communication

A model where one person sends a message and the other provides feedback, leading to a conversation.

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6

Transactional Model of Communication

A model where both individuals are communicating and continuously providing feedback to each other.

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7

Selection in Perception

The process of noticing things that are intense, larger, or unusual, influenced by self-talk, needs, interests, and motives.

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8

Cognitive Schemata

Mental structures that help us organize and interpret experiences.

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9

Prototype

A knowledge structure that defines the clearest or most representative example of a category.

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10

Personal Constructs

Mental yardsticks for measuring people and situations along bipolar dimensions like honest and dishonest.

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11

Stereotypes

Fixed, over-generalized beliefs about particular people, groups, or situations.

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12

Scripts

Sequences of activities that outline expected behaviors in specific situations.

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13

Self-Serving Bias

Tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

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14

Cognitive Complexity

The number and intricate relations of cognitive constructs we use in shaping our perceptions.

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15

Empathy

The ability to feel with another person.

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16

Social Roles

Roles that shape our perceptions and communication.

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17

Arbitrary Language

Language symbols that are not intrinsically connected to their meanings.

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18

Ambiguous Language

Language meanings that are not precise, leading to misunderstandings.

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19

Abstract Language

Language that is not concrete or tangible, which can lead to ambiguity.

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20

Kinesics

Nonverbal communication through body position and facial motions.

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21

Haptics

Nonverbal communication that involves physical touch.

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22

Physical Appearance in Communication

How our looks communicate cultural meanings and values.

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23

Olfactics

The nonverbal communication through scents and odors.

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24

Artifacts

Personal objects that convey our identities and social signals.

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25

Proxemics

The use of personal space in communication.

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26

Chronemics

The perception and use of time in defining identities and interactions.

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27

Paralanguage

Vocal communication that is not verbal, such as tone and pitch.

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28

Silent Communication

Using silence as a powerful form of nonverbal communication.

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29

Pseudolistening

Pretending to listen while the mind is elsewhere.

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30

Monopolizing

Shifting the topic to oneself in conversation.

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31

Selective Listening

Focusing only on parts of communication that support one's own views.

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32

Defensive Listening

Assuming negative motives and reading into others' messages.

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33

Endorsement

Accepting another person's feelings or thoughts as valid, not necessarily agreeing.

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34

Conflict Orientations

Different approaches to conflict: lose-lose, win-lose, win-win.

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35

Standpoint Theory

The idea that our experiences in social groups shape our perceptions and communication.

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