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Communication
A systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings.
Content Level Meaning
The literal message in communication.
Relationship Level Meaning
Expresses the relationship between individuals communicating.
Linear Model of Communication
A model where one person sends a message to another who receives it, with no conversation.
Interactive Model of Communication
A model where one person sends a message and the other provides feedback, leading to a conversation.
Transactional Model of Communication
A model where both individuals are communicating and continuously providing feedback to each other.
Selection in Perception
The process of noticing things that are intense, larger, or unusual, influenced by self-talk, needs, interests, and motives.
Cognitive Schemata
Mental structures that help us organize and interpret experiences.
Prototype
A knowledge structure that defines the clearest or most representative example of a category.
Personal Constructs
Mental yardsticks for measuring people and situations along bipolar dimensions like honest and dishonest.
Stereotypes
Fixed, over-generalized beliefs about particular people, groups, or situations.
Scripts
Sequences of activities that outline expected behaviors in specific situations.
Self-Serving Bias
Tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
Cognitive Complexity
The number and intricate relations of cognitive constructs we use in shaping our perceptions.
Empathy
The ability to feel with another person.
Social Roles
Roles that shape our perceptions and communication.
Arbitrary Language
Language symbols that are not intrinsically connected to their meanings.
Ambiguous Language
Language meanings that are not precise, leading to misunderstandings.
Abstract Language
Language that is not concrete or tangible, which can lead to ambiguity.
Kinesics
Nonverbal communication through body position and facial motions.
Haptics
Nonverbal communication that involves physical touch.
Physical Appearance in Communication
How our looks communicate cultural meanings and values.
Olfactics
The nonverbal communication through scents and odors.
Artifacts
Personal objects that convey our identities and social signals.
Proxemics
The use of personal space in communication.
Chronemics
The perception and use of time in defining identities and interactions.
Paralanguage
Vocal communication that is not verbal, such as tone and pitch.
Silent Communication
Using silence as a powerful form of nonverbal communication.
Pseudolistening
Pretending to listen while the mind is elsewhere.
Monopolizing
Shifting the topic to oneself in conversation.
Selective Listening
Focusing only on parts of communication that support one's own views.
Defensive Listening
Assuming negative motives and reading into others' messages.
Endorsement
Accepting another person's feelings or thoughts as valid, not necessarily agreeing.
Conflict Orientations
Different approaches to conflict: lose-lose, win-lose, win-win.
Standpoint Theory
The idea that our experiences in social groups shape our perceptions and communication.
