90. Hygiene requirements to Schools.

What are the main zones in schools?

1. First-period educational zone: Rooms for students from 1–3 grades.

2. Second/third-period educational zone: Sectors for general educational and natural science subjects, including classrooms, language labs, chemistry/biology/physics labs, computer studies.

3. Multifunctional zone: Design & technology rooms, music & art, library, sports centre, canteen, medical room, staff room.

What are the building requirements for schools?

• Maximum 3 floors.

• Built-up area : non-built-up area = 1:3.

• Non-built-up area divided as: sports ground (50%), grass (40%), firm yard (10%).

• Located far from railways, airports, and pollution sources.

• Ground should be clear, dry, level, comfortable.

• Close to pupils’ residence: ≤15 min for juniors, ≤30 min for seniors.

What are the furnishing requirements of rooms and labs?

• Light and mobile furniture.

• Desks/chairs/tables distributed according to student height.

• Modern audiovisual educational equipment.

• Colourful decoration appropriate for children.

What are the requirements for school desks?

• Single or two-seat desks ensuring good posture.

• Allow normal posture, prevent spinal distortions and myopia.

• Students arranged according to height for optimal use.

What are the construction requirements of school desks?

• Maintain correct proportions between desk elements.

• Some countries use 5 sizes differing by 15 cm (Group A <130 cm to Group D >175 cm).

• Vertical distance between desk writing surface and seat = distance from child’s seat to elbow (arm bent) → known as differentiation.

What happens if differentiation is too large or too small?

• Too large (high writing surface, low seat): Student twists body, raises right arm → spinal strain.

• Too small (low writing surface, high seat): Student leans forward → spinal strain.

• Can cause curvature of the spine.

What is ischial distance (seat distance) in school desks?

• Ratio between the vertical line from desk writing surface and edge of desk seat.

• Types: "zero," "plus," "minus."

• Most favorable: slight negative distance → upright posture, shoulders resting on back of desk.

What is spinal distance in school desks?

Distance between writing surface and back ≤ 5 cm of chest diameter.

How should the seat depth and height be designed?

• Depth: 2/3 length of thigh → supports spine muscles, back reaches lower edge of scapula.

• Height: lower leg length + 2–3 cm → supports spine muscles.

What are the consequences of poorly designed school furniture?

• Spinal deformities:

  • Kyphosis

  • Scoliosis

  • Kyphoscoliosis

What are the characteristics of computer studies in general education?

• Unfavorable factors:

  • Intensification of intellectual activity

  • Eye strain

  • Constant alertness

  • Quick reswitching of attention

  • Burdening of musculoskeletal system

• Hypodynamic and hypokinesia:

  • May lead to eating disorders, obesity, vision impairment

  • Risk of socially significant diseases later in life