Lesson 4 Musculoskeletal System Diseases & Disorders

amphiarthroses

type of articulation between bony surfaces that permits limited motion. Examples include: the syndesmoses (ligament between tibia and fibula) or fibrocartilage, such as the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

ankylosing spondylitis

an autoimmune disease that targets spinal ligaments resulting in vertebral arthritis (spinal inflammation) and vertebral bony spurs that fuse limiting range of motion

ankylosis

immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones (can be due to diseases, injury or surgical procedures)

anorexia

loss of appetite

arthroscopy

the insertion of a small instrument which can be used for examination and possible treatment of a joint

articular cartilage

smooth hyaline-like cartilage that surrounds the ends of the bones to reduce friction and prevent bone-on-bone contact

avulsion

type of fracture or injury when a part of the body is torn from its region. For example, bone fragment torn from the bone it is part of or muscle torn from the insertion site

cardiomyopathy

a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body

chondrosarcoma

form of malignant tumour made up of chondrocytes, and therefore inhabiting cartilaginous connective tissue

closed fracture

a closed fracture is when a bone breaks but does not penetrate the skin

closed reduction

setting a fracture without breaking through the skin

collagen

a protein found in connective tissue, it is naturally produced by your body and helps structure bones, skin, and cartilage

comminuted fracture

a break or splinter of the bone into more than two fragments

compact bone

formed from osteons and used to create the harder outer edge of each bone; more dense

complete fracture

the bone is completely broken into two or more pieces

compression fracture

a bone collapses when trauma occurs or if a bone is weak. This typically happens in short bones and is very common in the vertebrae that have been weakened due to osteoporosis

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

enzyme found in muscles that phosphorylates creatine to create creatine phosphate (an energy storage molecule)

cysts

a sac-like pocket of membranous tissue that can be filled with fluid, air or other substances. They can grow pretty much anywhere on your body or under your skin

depressed fracture

This is a depression of the bone, especially the skull, caused by a blunt object or high impact resulting in the bone to deform inwards .

diarthroses (synovial joints)

freely movable joints

dislocation

occurs when one or more bones slip out of a joint and loses contact

displaced fracture

a complete fracture of the bone in which the two pieces of broken bone become misaligned

dystrophin

a protein found in skeletal muscle that is mutated in people with muscular dystrophy. It connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the extracellular matrix

electromyogram (EMG)

a diagnostic procedure to assess the muscles response in response to a nerve's stimulation. A needle electrode in the muscle records the electrical activity and the electrode stickers measure the speed and strength of the signals

Electromyography

records electrical activity of the muscle tissue when it is stimulated with the use of needles/electrodes

glycogen

a polysaccharide (sugar/carb) that is stored in the body for energy

gouty arthritis (gout)

uric acid build-up causes pain and inflammation in joints (particularly in the big toe)

granulation tissue

vascular tissue that forms during inflammation that progresses upward to refill the base of a wound

Heberden's nodes

osteoarthritic hard or bony swellings around the joints of the fingers (distal interphalangeal joints)

hematoma

collection of clotted blood that has leaked outside of blood vessels

hematopoesis

the formation of new blood cells

hyperparathyroidism

a condition that causes calcium levels in the blood to increase due to one or more parathyroid glands secreting too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) from being overactive. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone matrix to release calcium into the blood.

immunosuppressants

a class of drugs that weaken, or suppress the body's immune system.

impacted fracture

the broken ends of the bone are pushed together due to the impact of the injury

incomplete fracture

also known as a greenstick fracture is when the injured bone does not break completely, it is cracked or bent

infectious (septic) arthritis

an infection in a joint that causes arthritis-like symptoms

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

an autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue

kyphosis

outward abnormal curvature of the spine, usually around the thoracic column, and often referred to as a "humpback"

linear fracture

a break that runs lengthwise along the bone

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

imaging technique that involves the use of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to visualize soft tissues with resolution that is better than a x-ray

metastatic

refers to a disease (usually), that moves from one organ or part of the body, to another that isn't necessarily connected to the initial body part.

monocytes

a type of leukocyte (WBC) that can help fight infections - they can leave the blood-stream and differentiate into macrophages

myoglobin

red protein found in muscle cells that contain heme and binds with oxygen molecules to store oxygen

necrosis

death of tissue caused by lost blood flow or being impacted by injury or disease

neoplasms

new abnormal/excessive tissue growth, may be benign or malignant.

neuromuscular junction

the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies

nondisplaced fracture

A simple crack in the bone that has not caused the bone to move from its normal anatomic position; also called a hairline fracture.

oblique fracture

a fracture that is angled; usually from an angled blow to the bone

open (compound) fracture

a fracture in which the bone has pierced through the soft tissue and is exposed through the skin, increasing the risk for infection

open reduction

involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments

osteoarthritis

inflammation of the joint cartilage and the underlying bone. It often results in bony spur development, loss of articular cartilage, and narrowing of the synovial cavity all of which limits range of motion. Most typically is a result of wear and tear aging and obesity is also a risk factor.

osteoblasts

immature bone cells that function to build more bone matrix by secreting osteoid and calcium

osteoclasts

bone cells that arise from the monocyte (WBC) lineage. Osteoclasts are responsible for dissolving the bone matrix in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation. Necessary for bone turn-over, remodelling, and increasing serum calcium concentration (maintaining serum calcium homeostasis)

osteocytes

mature bone cells; most abundant cell that resides in bone and are derived from osteoblasts (immature bone cells; function to repair microfractures and maintain bone; involved in bone matrix turnover.

osteomalacia

softening of bones in adulthood, usually due to a deficiency in Vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphate

osteophytes

bone spurs

osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily; loss of bone density in both cortical and spongy bone

osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells (derived from mesenchymal stem cells) that divide to produce daughter cells (osteoblasts)

osteosarcoma

malignant tumor in the bone. The most common form of cancer in the bone

pannus

abnormal layer of fibrovascular tissue or granulation tissue found in joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis

pathologic fracture

a broken bone caused by a disease (e.g., osteoporosis) that has weakened the bone making it more likely to break

periosteum

highly vascularized membrane of connective tissue that provides nutrients to bones by lining their outer surfaces. Contains a fibrous outer layer of collagen and an inner layer of fibroblasts. Periosteum fibers penetrate the bone and anchor it through ligaments to other bones in the joint.

Fibromyalgia

chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue

procallus

fibrocartilage collar splinting bones together

rheumatoid arthritis

A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. The joints and some organs of other body systems are inappropriately attacked by the immune system

rickets

skeletal disorder characterized by the softening/weakening of bones in childhood, often due to an extreme vitamin D deficiency. Results in the deformation, bowing of the legs.

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

simple fracture

bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

spiral fracture

the breaking of a long bone due to a twisting force, they typically take a long time to heal based on how the bone breaks (uneven, jagged, and misaligned)

spongy (cancellous) bone

Bone tissue that consists of an irregular latticework of thin plates of bone called trabeculae; found inside short, flat, and irregular bones and in the epiphyses of long bone.

sprain

a tear in a ligament

Still's disease

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

strain

injury to muscle or tendon

stress fracture

a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact

subchondral bone

bony plate that supports the articular cartilage

subluxation

the partial displacement of a bone from its joint

synarthroses

immovable joints

synovitis

inflammation of the synovial membrane

tendons

fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure

transverse fracture

complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone

uveitis

inflammation of the uvea (the vascular tunic of the eyeball).
*There are 3 layers in the wall of the eyeball:
a) Sclera= outer fibrous layer;
b) Uvea = vascular = choroid layer; and
c) Neural = inner retinal layer