​​​Lab Practical 1 A&P

divides the body into left and right parts

Sagittal Plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

midsaggital plane (midline)

divides the body into unequal left and right sides

parasagittal plane

plane divides body vertically into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

front (coronal) plane

plane divides body horizontally into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

transverse plane

cuts made diagonally

oblique plane

-protects nervous system

-includes additional cavities: cranial and vertebral cavities

-encases brain and spinal cord

dorsal cavity

contains brain

cranial

contains spinal cord

spinal cavity

houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic

ventral cavity

separates upper and lower ventral cavities

diaphragm

contains heart + lungs

thoracic cavity

fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs.

pleural cavity

located between the pleural cavities and includes the heart, great vessels, esophagus, and trachea.

mediastinum

contains heart

pericardial cavity

any organ below the diaphragm, lining the abdominal pelvic cavity.

peritoneal cavity

contains digestive viscera

abdominal cavity

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

pelvic cavity

outer layer lining the thoracic wall

parietal pleural membrane

inner layer on the surface of the lung

visceral pleural membrane

outer layer around the heart within the mediastinum

parietal pericardial membrane

inner layer on the surface of the heart

visceral pericardial membrane

outer layer enclosing the abdominal organs

parietal peritoneal membrane

inner layer on the surface of most abdominal organs

visceral peritoneal membrane

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Superior (cranial)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

inferior (caudal)

front or toward the front of the body

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Posterior (dorsal)

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

medial

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

lateral

Closer to the point of attachment

Proximal

farther away from the point of origin

distal

toward or at the body surface

Superficial (external)

Away from the body surface; more internal

Deep (internal)

Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study

plane

-liver and gallbladder

-located in RUQ

What is located in the right hypochondriac region?

ascending colon of large intestine

What is located in the right lumbar region?

cecum, appendix

-located in RLQ

What is located in the right iliac (inguinal) region?

stomach

What is located in the epigastric region?

small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine

What is located in the umbilical region?

urinary bladder

What is located in the hypogastric (pubic) region?

diaphragm

-located in LUQ

what is located in the left hypochondriac region?

descending colon of large intestine

What is located in the left lumbar region?

initial part of sigmoid colon

What is located in the left iliac (inguinal) region?

top: right upper quad, left upper quad bottom: right lower quad, left lower quad

from left to right what is the order of the quadrants?

top: right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region

middle: right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region

bottom: right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric (pubic) region, left (inguinal) region

from left to right what is the order of the regions?

provides a sturdy, flat surface to support and steady the microscope

function of the base of the microscope

located at the base; the light from the lamp passes directly upward through the microscope

function of the substage light of the microscope

located at base or arm; the dial allows you to adjust the intensity of the light passing through the specimen

function of light control on the microscope

Supports the slide being viewed, it has a hole in it that allows light to pass through the specimen

Function of stage on a microscope

holds the slide in position while being viewed; it has two adjustment knobs that control the precise movement

function of the mechanical stage on a microscope

focuses light through the specimen; small non-magnifying lense located beneath the stage that concentrates the light of the specimen and may have a knob that raises and lowers to vary the light delivery. best position is close to the inferior surface of the stage

function of the condenser on a microscope

controlled by a lever to adjust the amount of light passing through the condenser; it can be moved to close the diaphragm and improve contrast.

function of iris diaphragm on microscope

allows you to make large adjustments to the height of the stage to initially focus your specimen

function of coarse adjustment knob on a microscope

used for precise focusing once the initial coarse adjustment focusing has been completed

function of fine adjustment knob on a microscope

attaches to the nosepiece to support objective lenses; provides for attachment of the eyepieces which have the ocular lenses

function of the head of the microscope

vertical portion of the microscope that connects the base and the head

Function of the arm of a microscope

rotating mechanism of the head; it carries three or four objective lenses and permits positioning of these lenses over the hole in the stage

Function of the Nosepiece of the Microscope

they are attached to the nose piece; scanning is 4x, low power is 10x, high power is 40x; the lenses you use to magnify the specimen

Function of the objective lenses of a microscope

located in the eyepieces at the superior end of the head; have a magnification of 10x

function of the ocular lens(es) of a microscope

Scanning (red): 4x 10 =40

Low Power (yellow): 10x 10=100

High Power (blue): 40x 10=400

Total magnification of a microscope

they are tiny, spherical body is composed of RNA and proteins; floating, free, or attached to a membrane structure (the rough ER) give me a cytoplasm. Actual sides of proteins synthesis.

What are ribosomes and their function?

membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm. Includes rough ER and smooth ER.

-Rough ER provides an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas.

-Smooth ER, which has no function in proteins synthesis is a side of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

what is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and what is its function?

Stack of flattened, sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles; found close to the nucleus.

-Play the role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell or incorporation into the plasma membrane and in packaging lysosomal enzymes

What is the Golgi apparatus and its function?

various sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes, including acid hydrolases

-Their function is to digest, worn out cell organelles in foreign substances that enter the cell. They have the capacity of total sell destruction, if ruptured an hour, for this reason, referred to as "suicide sacs"

what are lysosomes and their function?

small lysosome, like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify, alcohol, free radicals, and other harmful chemicals. They are particularly abundant in liver and kidney cells.

what are peroxisomes and their function?

Rod shaped bodies with a double membrane wall; inner membrane is shaped into folds, or cristae.

-contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy (ATP)- often referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell"

what is mitochondria and its function?

cylinder bodies that lie at right angles to each other close to the nucleus. Each centriole is composed of nine triplets of microtubules

-They direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division: form the bases of cilia and flagella and in that role are called basal bodies

what are centrioles and their function?

they provide cellular support function in intracellular transport.

-Microfilaments are formed largely of Acton, a contractile protein in our important and sell mobility in muscle cells

-Intermediate filaments are stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist. Mechanical forces acting on cells.

-Microtubules form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape

what are cytoskeletal elements: microfilaments, intermediate filaments , and microtubules and their function?

interphase

What phase of mitosis is this?

Early Prophase

what phase of mitosis is this?

late prophase

What phase of mitosis is this?

metaphase

What phase of mitosis is this?

anaphase

what phase of mitosis is this?

telophase and cytokinesis

what phase of mitosis is this?

methylene blue solution and potassium permanganate solution

What chemicals were used on the plates for diffusion?

A compound microscope can receive higher levels of magnification compared to a simple microscope. Compound means you look through two lenses.

What's the difference between a compound microscope and a simple microscope?

When you have the object in focus with one objective. It will be visible on all objectives with just a minor adjustment from the fine adjustment knob

what does parfocal mean?

the high molecular weight leads to slower diffusion.

Why did one chemical diffuse more than the other?

*comparing methylene blue and potassium permanganate

it contains more non-penetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell

What does it mean if a cell is hypertonic?

it contains fewer non-penetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell

What does it mean if a cell is hypotonic?

it contains a concentration of non-penetrating solutes (proteins or some ions) equal to that in the cells (same solute/water concentration)

What does it mean if a cell is isotonic?

-simple columnar epithelium

function: absorption, secretion of mucous, enzymes, and other substances

location: most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands.

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands: ovary surface

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-simple squamous epithelium

function: allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae

location: kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels: lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-ciliated epithelium

function: moves particles or fluid over the epithelial surface

location: trachea, bronchial tubes, and nasal cavities

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is is located?

-Areolar connective tissue

function: wraps and cushions organs; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluids

location: widely distributed under epithelia of body; surrounds capillaries; packages organs

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-adipose connective tissue (fat)

function: provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

location: under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located

-tendon: dense regular (white elastic) or dense fibrous connective tissue

function: attached muscles to bones or to other muscles; attached bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is is located?

-nerve tissue

function: neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands); supporting cells support and proved neurons

location: brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-human skeletal muscle

function: voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control

location: in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

What tissue is this? what is its function and where is it located?

-fibrocartilage

function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

location: intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

What tissue is this? what is its function and where is it located?

-human hyaline cartilage

function: supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists comprehensive stress

location: forms most of embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms coastal cartilages of the ribs; cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-smooth muscle tissue

function: propels substances (foodstuffs, urine) or a baby along internal passageways; involuntary control

location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-mammal elastic cartilage

function: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

location: supports the external way (auricle); epiglottis

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-whitefish (animal)

function: movement and phases of mitosis

-define the phase of mitosis the slide is in

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-cardiac muscle

function: as it's contracts, cardiac muscle propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control

location: the walls of the heart

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-mammal bone

function: bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles at act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site of blood cell formation

What tissue is this? What is its function and where is it located?

-human blood smear

function: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

location: contained within blood vessels

What tissue is this? what is its function and where it located?