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Enlightenment

A philosophical movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and questioning traditional authority.

Natural Rights

Rights that all humans are born with, such as life, liberty, and property.

Reactionary

Someone who opposes change and wants to return to traditional ways.

Conservative

Someone who prefers limited or gradual change and supports traditional institutions.

Moderate

Someone who takes a middle-ground approach to political or social issues.

Liberal

Someone who supports progressive change and advocates for personal freedoms.

Radical

Someone who wants drastic and fundamental changes to the system.

Representative Government

A government where citizens elect officials to make decisions on their behalf.

Civil Rights

Rights that protect individuals’ freedoms and ensure equality under the law.

Rule of Law

The principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law.

Transparency

Openness and honesty in government actions and decision-making.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, often associated with business owners and capitalists.

Proletariat

The working class, especially those who work in factories.

Exploitation

The unfair treatment or use of people, resources, or labor for personal gain.

Capitalism

An economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Socialism

An economic system where the government or society owns and controls key industries to promote equality.

Communism

A system where all property is publicly owned, and everyone works for the common good.

Industrialism

The system of society based on industrial production and factory work.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a nation’s power by acquiring territories or exploiting weaker nations.

Level 1 Nation

A country with limited development and low standards of living (developing nation).

Level 4 Nation

A highly industrialized and economically advanced nation (developed nation).

Infrastructure

The basic systems and structures (e.g., roads, bridges, schools) needed for a society to function.

Militarism

The belief in building up a strong military and using it to achieve national goals.

Alliance

An agreement between nations to work together for mutual benefit.

Imperialism

The domination of one country over another through political, economic, or military means.

Nationalism

Pride and loyalty to one’s nation, sometimes to the point of viewing it as superior.

Self-determination

The right of people to choose their own government and form their own nation.

Fascism

A far-right authoritarian system focused on nationalism and strict control of society.

Collective Security

A system where nations work together to maintain peace and prevent conflicts.

Buffer Zone

A neutral area between hostile forces to reduce tension and prevent conflict.

Reparations

Payments made by a defeated country to compensate for damages caused during a war.

Diplomacy

The practice of negotiating and managing international relations peacefully.