Bi 121 GRCC LAB exam 1

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (form of passive transport)

selective permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.

isotonic

denoting or relating to a solution having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, especially one in a cell or a body fluid.

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. (shrinks)

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution (swells)

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane (passive transport)

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Crenation

This happens when a cell shrinks and shrivels; can result in cell death if severe.

-lysis

breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma membrane

simple diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Superior Plane

everything above the transverse line (above the waist)

Inferior Plane

everything below the transverse line (below the waist). Opposite of superior plane.

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

superficial

near the surface

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body

thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

parietal pleura

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

visceral pleura

the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung

parietal pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

serous membrane covering the heart

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

4 types of animal tissue

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

Biological Hierarchy

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

Cells fit closely together to form membranes, or sheets of cells

-Membranes always have one exposed surface or free edge, called the apical surface

-Cells are attached to and supported by an adhesive basement membrane

-Epithelial cells have no blood supply of their own; depend on diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissue

simple squamous epithelium

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)

single layer of flattened cells

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

types of epithelium cells

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

single layer of flat cube like cells

simple columnar epithelium

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action.

Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia is the type of respiratory epithelium found in the linings of the trachea as well as the upper respiratory tract, which allows filtering and humidification of incoming air.

mucous (goblet) cell

Goblet cells are specialized for the synthesis and secretion of mucus. They acquired their name for their typical goblet, cup-like, appearance formed by the mucin granulae that fill up the cytoplasm

transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

apical (free) surface

the surface of the epithelial cell that faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen of an internal organ, or a tubular duct

basal lamina (basement membrane)

a layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

Keratinocytes

The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin.

connective tissue cells

fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, white blood cells, macrophages, plasma cells

matrix

Connective tissues are made up of a matrix consisting of living cells and a non-living substance

Extracellular matrix provides support and anchorage for the shape of the cells, regulates and determines cells dynamic and behavior including cell survival, cell proliferation, cell polarity, cell differentiation, cell adhesion, and cell migration.

cells, fibers, and ground substance.

ground substance of connective tissue

Gelatinous or rubbery material found in between cells-protects by absorbing compressive forces.

Ground substance is primarily composed of water and large organic molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

collagen fibers

a protein substance found in bone and cartilage, provides flexibility and strength

elastic fibers

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue

reticular fibers

Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues.

acts as a supporting mesh in soft tissues such as liver, bone marrow, and the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system.

loose connective tissue

Tissue that binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Contains collagenous, elastic, and recticular fibers.

dense connective tissue

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic; tendons and ligaments

special connective tissue

connective tissue that has a liquid or rigid extracellular matrix

areolar (loose) connective tissue

Binds skin to underlying organs; Forms delicate, thin layers between muscles; Fills in spaces underneath epithelia;

It is characterized by an abundance of ground substance, plus thin and relatively few fibres and cells The main cellular elements are fibroblasts and a smaller amount of adipocytes.

Located in the skin, areolar tissue binds the outer layers of the skin to the muscles lying underneath. They are also found in, around the mucous membranes, surrounding nerves, blood vessels and various other body organs. Its functions are as follows: Supports the internal organs.

adipose connective tissue

Function: provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

Location: under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts.

reticular connective tissue

Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.

Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).

dense connective tissue

Function: binds organs together

Location: tendons, ligaments, deeper layers of skin

hyaline cartilage connective tissue

Function: Supports and reinforces, provides a framework

Location: covers the ends of bones, costal cartilage in ribs, nose, rings in trachea, and larynx, forms most of the embryonic skeleton

elastic cartilage connective tissue

Function: Maintains shape and structure with great flexibility, supports and protects

Location: external ear, epiglottis (covers airway opening when swallowing)

Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue

Function: supports, protects, absorbs shock

Location: between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee

Function: absorbs shock, supports, protects

Location: Intervertebral discs (between spinal vertebrae), pubic symphysis, meniscus of knee joint

layers of the integument

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

melanocyte

cell in the basal layer that gives color to the skin

basal lamina (basement membrane)

a layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

sebaceous gland

oil-secreting gland in the dermis that is associated with hair follicles

sebum

oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands

sweat gland

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.

hair follicle

a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair

shaft of hair follicle

arrector pili

a smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes "goose bumps" to appear on the skin when contracted

free edge of nail

the portion of the nail that grows out away from the body

nail body

visible part of the nail

nail bed

Portion of the living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge.

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

regulates gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads

pituitary gland

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

regulates the endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

pituitary gland

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

influences metabolism by controlling the growth and activity of the thyroid gland

pituitary gland

growth hormone

regulates muscle and bone growth

pituitary gland

prolactin

stimulates breast development and milk production

pituitary gland

oxytocin

stimulates contractions of uterus and milk ejection

pituitary gland

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

reduces urinary output

pituitary gland

thyroid hormone (TH)

controls rate of metabolism

thyroid gland

calcitonin

decreased blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium depositing in the bones

thyroid gland

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

causes release of calcium from gland bone, thus increasing blood calcium levels

parathyroid gland

epinephrine and norepinephrine

act with sympathetic nervous system to produce the "flight/fight" response to stress

Adrenal gland

insulin

decreases blood sugar levels, helps glucose get into the body cells

pancreas

glucagon

increases blood sugar levels, stimulates liver to release glucose

pancreas

thymosins

affect production and differentiation of certain white blood cells (T lymphocytes

thymus

testosterone

stimulate formation of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics, regulate the reproductive cycle.

testes

estrogen and progesterone

stimulate formation of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics, regulate the reproductive cycle

ovaries

melatonin

Activates the reticular formation in the medulla oblongata which regulates circadian rhythms

Pineal gland