Honors Physical Science 2nd Semester Final

pure substance

a type of matter with a fixed composition

element

a substance made up of atoms that are all alike

compound

a substance in which atoms of 2 or more elements are chemically combined in a fixed proportion

heterogeneous mixture

a mixture in which different materials remain distinct

homogeneous mixture

a mixture in which different materials have been uniformly combined

suspension

made of a fluid and solid particles that settle

colloid

made of a fluid with solid particles that are so small that they do not settle

solution

a homogeneous mixture that has particles so small that they cannot be seen with a microscope

chemical

The elements that make up a compound can be separated by ____________________ means

differ

The properties of compounds ___________ from the elements that make them up

colloid

You can identify a ___________ by passing a beam of light through. A light beam will scatter as it passes through so that it can be seen

isotopes

Two elements with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called ____________________

protons

The positively charged particles in the center of the atom are called _____________

electrons

the negatively charged particles that are in orbit around the center of the atom are called _____________

Pb

What is the chemical symbol for lead?

neutrons

The particles in the center of the atom that contain no charge are called ___________________

protons and neutrons

What two particles combine to give us the mass number of an elements?

Periods

Horizontal rows on the periodic table are called ____________

Families, groups

Vertical columns on the periodic table are called ____________

Valence electrons

The electrons in the outermost shell (main energy level) of an atom (the electrons involved in forming bonds) are called ___________________

7

How many valence electrons does astatine have?

Atom

the smallest particle of an element that retains the element's properties is known as a(n) ______________________

Electron cloud

The area where the atom's electrons are most likely to be found is called the ___________________

Protons and neutrons

Quarks are particles of matter that make up ____________ and _________________

6

How many quarks have been discovered?

8

All noble gases, except one, contain the same number of valence electrons. What is this number?

8

How many valence electrons does an atom need to have the most stability?

John Dalton

Which scientist came up with the atomic theory that stated that matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms that are indivisible and that different atoms combine to form compounds in whole number ratios?

Dmitri Mendeleev

Which scientist first presented a way to organize all known elements?

G.N. Lewis

Which scientists created a diagram to represent an element's outermost electrons?

Henry G.J. Moseley

Which scientist arranged all known elements based on increasing atomic number instead of atomic mass?

Metals

The _____________________ are located to the left of the stair-step line on the periodic table

allotropes

different structural forms of the same element are called

metallic bonding

positively charged ions are surrounded by freely moving electrons in _____________________

diatomic molecule

A(n) ______________ is a molecule composed of two atoms of the same element

Transition elements

The ______________ are in groups 3 through 12 on the periodic table

Conductors

Because electrons move freely in metals, metals are ________________________

Fluorine

Which element is the most reactive of all nonmetals?

Alkali metals

Which set of elements makes up the most reactive group of all metals?

Noble gases

Which elements are least reactive?

Radioactive element

A(n) _________________________ is an element whose nucleus breaks down and emits particles and energy

Magnesium

________________ is not found in elemental form in nature, only combined in compounds. It is useful because it is lightweight and strong

Covalent

What type of bond occurs when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons?

Aluminum

What metal is the most abundant in the earth's crust?

5

How many valence electrons are in the outer shell of the nitrogen group?

4

How many valence electrons are in the outer shell of the carbon group?

Subscript

In the formula H2O, what is the 2 called?

2

How many electrons are in the outer energy level of a helium atom?

argon

Which element is least likely to form an ionic bond with sodium?

Anion

What is the name of a negatively charged ion?

reactants

The substances to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation are called the __________________

products

The substances to the right of the arrow in a chemical reaction are called the _______________

exothermic reaction

Chemical reactions that release thermal energy are called ________________________

Endothermic reaction

Chemical reactions that absorb thermal energy are called ________________

Decreases

Lowering the temperature ___________ the rate of chemical reactions

Faster

The more concentrated a solution is, the _____________ the reaction rate generally is

Increases

Having a larger total surface area generally ______________ a chemical reaction rate

Catalyst

A(n) ______________________ speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed in the process

Inhibitor

A(n) ___________ slows down a chemical reaction

Mole

The SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance is the _____

Oxidation

The loss of electrons is called ___________

reduction

The gaining of electrons is called

La Chatelier's Principle

_______________ states that when a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift in a manner that tends to reduce or relieve the effect of the stress

Protons and neutrons

What subatomic particles are located in the nucleus?

Protons and neutrons

What subatomic particles determine the mass of an element?

Neutron

Which subatomic particle is the most massive?

electron

Which subatomic particle is the least massive?

Strong force

What force holds the subatomic particles in the nucleus together?

Radioactivity/Nuclear radiation

The process of nuclei decaying and emitting matter and energy is called

Alpha particle

Which of the following is the same as a helium-4 nucleus?

gamma ray

Which of the following requires a lead brick or other heavy metal to block it?

Beta particle

Which of the following is a high-energy electron that is emitted when a neutron decays into a proton?

Alpha particle

Which of the following can be blocked by a sheet of paper?

Gamma ray

Which of the following has no mass and no charge and travels at the speed of light?

Beta particle

Which of the following occurs when the neutron to proton ratio is too high?

1:1

What is the ratio of neutrons to protons required for small nuclei to maintain stable isotopes?

3:2

What is the ratio of neutron to protons required for large nuclei to maintain stable isotopes?

transmutation

The process of changing one element into another by radioactive decay is called __________________

Radon gas

The most common source of background radiation is ______________________

Iodine-131

What isotope of iodine is radioactive and used in medical diagnostics and treatment?

Tracer

A __________________ is radioactive isotope that can be used to located molecules in an organism and follow those molecules to study how organs function.

Geiger counter

A __________________ is a tube with a positively charged wire running through gas that produces a click or flash of light when a charged (or radioactive) particle is detected.

wire chamber

A __________________ is a device with multiple positively charged wired that is used to detect trajectories of nuclear particles

nuclear fission

_____________________ is the process of splitting a nucleus into 2 smaller nuclei by bombarding it with neutrons

nuclear fusion

For ________________ to occur, the temperature must reach millions of degrees

nuclear fusion

__________________ is the process in which 2 or more nuclei combine to form a more massive nucleus that can release a large amount of energy

3.0 • 10^8 m/s

The speed of light is ________________

About 6000 years

What is the half-life of carbon-14?

They have the same number of protons

What statement is true about all isotopes of an element?

homogeneous

A solution is a ________________ mixture

Solution

A mixture of nitrogen and oxygen is a ______________

raises

Antifreeze __________ the boiling point of radiator fluid

Fat-soluble

______________ vitamins are toxic in high concentrations

physical properties

Solute particles affect __________________ of the solvent

Alloy

a solution of 2 or more metals is called a(n) __________

Heterogeneous

What term is not appropriate to use when describing solutions?

polar solute

What can a polar solvent dissolve?

Fat

What dissolves nonpolar vitamins?

Pressure

What can you increase to make a gas more soluble in a liquid?

Ionization

When electrolytes undergo ________________, they dissolve in water and separate into charged particles