Energy-Storage Lipids

Triacylglycerol (Triglyceride)

-It is the storage form of fatty acids

-Found in adipose tissue

-Non-polar, hydrophobic and water-insoluble

-They are formed by esterification of glycerol with three fatty acids

-Most abundant type of lipid in the human body

Three fatty acids attached to glycerol

Triacylglycerol (Triglyceride) is composed of?

adipose tissue

Triacylglycerol (Triglyceride) is found in _________.

Triacylglycerol or Triglyceride

It is the most abundant type of lipid in the human body

Removal of water to make bonds

What is dehydration process?

Add water to break bonds

What is hydrolysis?

3 water molecules

The by-product produce in the process of making triglyceride is ________.

3 Fatty acids and Glycerol

How is triglyceride formed?

Dehydration reaction or Esterification

The process that occur to form triglyceride

Fat

It is generally from animals

Oil

It is generally from plants

Fats

-A triacylglycerol mixture that is a solid or semi-solid at room temperature

-Animal sources

-When temperature is cold, hardens/forms white clumps

Oils

-A triacylglycerol mixture that is a liquid at room temperature

-Plant sources

1. Hydrolysis

2. Saponifcation

3. Hydrogenation

4. Oxidation

Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerol

Hydrolysis

Biochemical reaction

Glycolysis

Metabolic reaction

Partial hydrolysis and complete hydrolysis

Two types of hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

-Add water molecule

-Break bonds in triglyceride

-Separates into glycerol & fatty acids

-Can be reversed through dehydration

Glycogenolysis

It is the process of breaking down glycogen

A few hours

When do glycolysis happens? It is when the glucose is broken down into smaller units

After 6 hours

-It is when the body breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis)

-Targets the stored carbohydrates

After 24 hours

It is when the breaking down of non-carbohydrate units like lipids and proteins are going (gluconeogenesis)

After 2 or 3 days

It is when significant weight loss and fats are being burnt

Gluconeogenesis

The process that breaks down non-carbohydrates units like lipids and proteins.

Saponification

Is a hydrolysis reaction carried out in an alkaline (basic medium) such as (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide)

Soap and water

What will be produced if you combined free fatty acid and base?

Soap

It is usually used to remove grease or oil (lipids and fats)

micelles

When soap interacts with oil, it forms _________?

Partial Hydrolysis

Only one or two fatty acids removed

Complete hydrolysis

If all fatty acids are removed/detached

Hydrogenation

-This process convert unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids

-Add hydrogen to unsaturated fats

-Hydrogen breaks double bonds

-Common in the food industry for preservation (to extend shelf-life)

For preservation, extending shelf-life

What is the use of hydrogenation in food industry?

TRANS fats

This type of fat increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and elevate LDL

Partial hydrogenation and Complete hydrogenation

The two types of hydrogenation

double bond

In hydrogenation process, the hydrogen attacks the ______.

A hydrogen atom moves to the other side of the double bond, creating the trans isomer.

In partial hydrogenation what is happening?

Partial hydrogenation

What type of hydrogenation makes the food semi-solid?

A hydrogen atom adds to each side of the double bond, saturating the hydrocarbon chain.

What is happening in Complete hydrogenation?

Complete hydrogenation

What type of hydrogenation makes the food solid?

Oxidation

The carbon-carbon double bonds present in the fatty acids residues of a triacylglycerol are subject to oxidation.

oxidizing agent

In oxidation process, the air in the surrounding act as _________.

Carboxyl group

Oxidation can turn aldehyde into?

bonds

Oxidation can break __________ from unsaturated into another compound (aldehyde, carboxylic acid)

Even

Fatty acids most contain an ______ number of carbon atoms.

24 carbon atoms

Carbon chain length of fatty acids is up to ?

Saturated fatty acids

This type of fatty acid has a dietary effect, an increase heart disease risk.

Monounsaturated fatty acids

This type of unsaturated fatty acid decreases the heart disease risk.

Polyunsaturated

The dietary effect of this fatty acid is mixed.

naturally occurring

CIS is _______ fatty acids generally contain cis double bonds.

Hydrogenation converts some cis double bonds to trans double bonds

How TRANS is obtained?

saturated fatty acids

TRANS have similar effects on blood chemistry similar to those of _____________.

OMEGA-3

First double bond is three carbons away from the CH3 end of the carbon chain.

OMEGA-6

First double bond is 6 carbons away from CH3 end of the carbon chain.

Omega 3

Omega 3 or 6: Linolenic acid (Primary member of this family)

Omega 6

Omega 3 or 6: Linoleic acid (Primary member of this family)