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1. Analgesics (Pain Relievers)
Definition: Relieves pain without causing loss of consciousness.
Example: Tylenol (Acetaminophen)
Dosage: 500 mg
Frequency: Every 4-6 hours (Max 4g/day)
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS.
Indication: Mild to moderate pain.
Contraindication: Severe liver disease.
Adverse Reaction: Hepatotoxicity (liver damage).
2. Anesthetics (Pain Blockers)
Definition: Causes loss of sensation with or without consciousness.
Example: Lidocaine
Dosage: 1% solution
Frequency: As needed
Route/Site: Local infiltration.
Mechanism of Action: Blocks sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse conduction.
Indication: Local anesthesia for minor procedures.
Contraindication: Hypersensitivity to amides.
Adverse Reaction: Seizures (rare).
3. Anthelmintics (Parasitic Worm Killers)
Definition: Kills or expels parasitic worms from the body.
Example: Vermox (Mebendazole)
Dosage: 100 mg
Frequency: Twice daily for 3 days.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits glucose uptake by helminths, depleting energy stores.
Indication: Roundworm or hookworm infections.
Contraindication: Pregnancy.
Adverse Reaction: Abdominal pain.
4. Antipyretics (Fever Reducers)
Definition: Reduces fever.
Example: Ibuprofen
Dosage: 200 mg
Frequency: Every 4-6 hours (Max 1.2g/day).
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis via COX enzymes.
Indication: Fever.
Contraindication: Active peptic ulcer.
Adverse Reaction: GI bleeding.
5. Antidotes (Reversal Agents)
Definition: Neutralizes the effects of toxins or overdoses.
Example: Naloxone (Narcan)
Dosage: 0.4 mg
Frequency: As needed (repeated every 2-3 mins if required).
Route/Site: Intramuscular/Intravenous.
Mechanism of Action: Displaces opioids from their receptors.
Indication: Opioid overdose.
Contraindication: Hypersensitivity.
Adverse Reaction: Acute withdrawal symptoms.
6. Anti-Infectives (Pathogen Fighters)
Definition: Treats infections caused by pathogens.
Example: Amoxicillin
Dosage: 500 mg
Frequency: Every 8 hours for 7-10 days.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Indication: Bacterial infections (e.g., respiratory).
Contraindication: Penicillin allergy.
Adverse Reaction: Diarrhea.
7. Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners)
Definition: Prevents blood clot formation.
Example: Warfarin (Coumadin)
Dosage: 2-10 mg/day
Frequency: Once daily.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
Indication: Thromboembolism prevention.
Contraindication: Active bleeding.
Adverse Reaction: Hemorrhage.
8. Antihistamines (Allergy Relievers)
Definition: Blocks histamine action to reduce allergy symptoms.
Example: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Dosage: 25-50 mg
Frequency: Every 4-6 hours.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: H1 receptor antagonist.
Indication: Allergies, urticaria.
Contraindication: Narrow-angle glaucoma.
Adverse Reaction: Sedation.
9. Antacids (Acid Neutralizers)
Definition: Neutralizes stomach acid.
Example: Tums (Calcium Carbonate)
Dosage: 500 mg
Frequency: As needed (max 7,000 mg/day).
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Neutralizes gastric hydrochloric acid.
Indication: Heartburn, indigestion.
Contraindication: Hypercalcemia.
Adverse Reaction: Kidney stones.
10. Anticonvulsants (Seizure Control)
Definition: Prevents or treats seizures.
Example: Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Dosage: 300 mg/day
Frequency: Once daily.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Stabilizes neuronal membranes by regulating sodium influx.
Indication: Epilepsy.
Contraindication: Sinus bradycardia.
Adverse Reaction: Gingival hyperplasia.
11. Antibiotics (Bacterial Infection Killers)
Definition: Kills or inhibits bacterial growth.
Example: Ciprofloxacin
Dosage: 500 mg
Frequency: Twice daily for 7 days.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase.
Indication: UTIs, respiratory infections.
Contraindication: Myasthenia gravis.
Adverse Reaction: Tendon rupture.
12. Antidiarrhetics (Stops Diarrhea)
Definition: Reduces or stops diarrhea.
Example: Loperamide (Imodium)
Dosage: 2 mg
Frequency: After each loose stool (Max 16 mg/day).
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Slows intestinal motility.
Indication: Acute diarrhea.
Contraindication: Infectious diarrhea.
Adverse Reaction: Constipation.
13. Antitussives (Cough Suppressants)
Definition: Suppresses coughing.
Example: Dextromethorphan
Dosage: 10-20 mg
Frequency: Every 4 hours (Max 120 mg/day).
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Acts on the cough center in the brain.
Indication: Non-productive cough.
Contraindication: Asthma (caution).
Adverse Reaction: Dizziness.
14. Anti-Asthmatics (Asthma Relievers)
Definition: Treats or prevents asthma symptoms.
Example: Albuterol (Ventolin)
Dosage: 2.5 mg
Frequency: Every 4-6 hours as needed.
Route/Site: Inhalation.
Mechanism of Action: Beta-2 agonist, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.
Indication: Acute bronchospasm.
Contraindication: Hypersensitivity.
Adverse Reaction: Tachycardia.
15. Androgens (Male Hormones)
Definition: Synthetic or natural male hormones, primarily testosterone.
Example: Testosterone (Androgel)
Dosage: 50 mg
Frequency: Once daily.
Route/Site: Topical (shoulders, upper arms).
Mechanism of Action: Binds to androgen receptors to regulate gene expression.
Indication: Hypogonadism in males.
Contraindication: Prostate cancer.
Adverse Reaction: Acne.
16. Antipruritics (Itch Relievers)
Definition: Reduces itching.
Example: Hydrocortisone cream
Dosage: Apply a thin layer.
Frequency: 2-4 times daily.
Route/Site: Topical (affected area).
Mechanism of Action: Reduces inflammation by inhibiting cytokines.
Indication: Allergic or inflammatory skin conditions.
Contraindication: Skin infections.
Adverse Reaction: Skin thinning with prolonged use.
17. Antiphlogistics (Anti-Inflammatories)
Definition: Reduces inflammation.
Example: Diclofenac (Voltaren)
Dosage: 50 mg
Frequency: Twice daily.
Route/Site: Oral or topical.
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2).
Indication: Arthritis, pain, and inflammation.
Contraindication: History of GI ulcers.
Adverse Reaction: Hypertension.
18. Antiseptics (Infection Preventers)
Definition: Prevents microbial growth on living tissue.
Example: Chlorhexidine
Dosage: 0.12% solution.
Frequency: As needed.
Route/Site: Topical.
Mechanism of Action: Disrupts microbial cell membranes.
Indication: Preoperative skin preparation.
Contraindication: Open wounds.
Adverse Reaction: Skin irritation.
19. Antifungal (Fungus Killers)
Definition: Treats fungal infections.
Example: Fluconazole (Diflucan)
Dosage: 150 mg
Frequency: Once weekly (for certain infections).
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits fungal sterol synthesis.
Indication: Vaginal candidiasis.
Contraindication: Hepatic impairment.
Adverse Reaction: Hepatotoxicity.
20. Antispasmodics (Muscle Relaxants)
Definition: Relieves smooth muscle spasms.
Example: Dicyclomine (Bentyl)
Dosage: 20 mg
Frequency: 4 times daily.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Anticholinergic, reduces muscle contractions.
Indication: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Contraindication: Obstructive GI conditions.
Adverse Reaction: Dry mouth.
21. Antiemetics (Prevents Nausea/Vomiting)
Definition: Reduces nausea and vomiting.
Example: Ondansetron (Zofran)
Dosage: 4 mg
Frequency: Every 8 hours as needed.
Route/Site: Oral or IV.
Mechanism of Action: 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.
Indication: Postoperative nausea.
Contraindication: Long QT syndrome.
Adverse Reaction: Constipation.
22. Antitubercular (Tuberculosis Treatments)
Definition: Treats tuberculosis infections.
Example: Isoniazid
Dosage: 300 mg
Frequency: Once daily.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.
Indication: Active or latent TB.
Contraindication: Acute liver disease.
Adverse Reaction: Peripheral neuropathy.
23. Antirheumatics (Joint Pain Relievers)
Definition: Treats symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
Example: Methotrexate
Dosage: 7.5-25 mg weekly.
Frequency: Once weekly.
Route/Site: Oral or subcutaneous.
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits folate synthesis, suppressing immune activity.
Indication: Rheumatoid arthritis.
Contraindication: Pregnancy.
Adverse Reaction: Bone marrow suppression.
24. Astringents (Tissue Tighteners)
Definition: Causes contraction of tissues to reduce irritation.
Example: Witch Hazel
Dosage: Apply as needed.
Frequency: Several times daily.
Route/Site: Topical.
Mechanism of Action: Reduces local swelling and irritation.
Indication: Minor skin irritation.
Contraindication: Open wounds.
Adverse Reaction: Skin dryness.
Bronchodilators (Airway Openers)
Definition: Relaxes airway muscles to improve breathing.
Example: Salbutamol (Ventolin)
Dosage: 2 puffs (90 mcg per puff)
Frequency: Every 4-6 hours as needed.
Route/Site: Inhalation.
Mechanism of Action: Beta-2 agonist, relaxes bronchial smooth muscles.
Indication: Asthma, COPD.
Contraindication: Severe tachycardia.
Adverse Reaction: Tremors.
26. Coagulants (Clot Promoters)
Definition: Promotes blood clotting.
Example: Vitamin K1 (Phytonadione)
Dosage: 2.5-10 mg
Frequency: Once daily or as directed.
Route/Site: Oral or subcutaneous.
Mechanism of Action: Aids in synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Indication: Vitamin K deficiency bleeding.
Contraindication: Hypersensitivity.
Adverse Reaction: Pain at injection site.
27. Carminatives (Gas Relievers)
Definition: Relieves flatulence and promotes expulsion of gas.
Example: Simethicone (Gas-X)
Dosage: 40-125 mg
Frequency: After meals and at bedtime.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Reduces surface tension of gas bubbles in the GI tract.
Indication: Bloating, gas discomfort.
Contraindication: Hypersensitivity.
Adverse Reaction: Abdominal cramping (rare).
28. Corticosteroids (Inflammation Suppressors)
Definition: Mimics adrenal hormones to reduce inflammation.
Example: Prednisone
Dosage: 5-60 mg daily (depending on condition).
Frequency: Once daily or divided doses.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Suppresses inflammatory and immune responses.
Indication: Autoimmune diseases, allergies.
Contraindication: Systemic fungal infections.
Adverse Reaction: Osteoporosis.
29. Diaphoretics (Sweat Inducer)
Definition: Promotes sweating.
Example: Pilocarpine
Dosage: 5 mg
Frequency: Three times daily.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Stimulates muscarinic receptors, increasing sweat production.
Indication: Dry mouth (off-label for inducing sweating).
Contraindication: Asthma.
Adverse Reaction: Excessive sweating.
30. Diuretics (Water Pills)
Definition: Increases urine output to reduce fluid retention.
Example: Furosemide (Lasix)
Dosage: 20-80 mg
Frequency: Once or twice daily.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
Indication: Edema, hypertension.
Contraindication: Severe electrolyte depletion.
Adverse Reaction: Hypokalemia.
31. Emetics (Induces Vomiting)
Definition: Stimulates vomiting to remove ingested toxins.
Example: Ipecac Syrup
Dosage: 15-30 mL
Frequency: Once (single dose).
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Irritates gastric mucosa and stimulates the medullary vomiting center.
Indication: Poison ingestion (only when indicated by a professional).
Contraindication: Corrosive poison ingestion.
Adverse Reaction: Diarrhea.
32. Oxytocics (Labor Inducers)
Definition: Stimulates uterine contractions.
Example: Oxytocin (Pitocin)
Dosage: 1-2 mU/min
Frequency: Adjust to contraction response.
Route/Site: Intravenous.
Mechanism of Action: Binds to oxytocin receptors, inducing uterine contractions.
Indication: Labor induction.
Contraindication: Cephalopelvic disproportion.
Adverse Reaction: Uterine rupture (rare).
33. Expectorants (Cough Mucus Thinners)
Definition: Thins mucus to aid expectoration.
Example: Guaifenesin (Mucinex)
Dosage: 200-400 mg
Frequency: Every 4 hours (Max 2.4g/day).
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Reduces viscosity of respiratory secretions.
Indication: Productive cough.
Contraindication: Persistent cough due to smoking.
Adverse Reaction: Rash (rare).
34. Emollients (Skin Softeners)
Definition: Moisturizes and softens skin.
Example: Petrolatum (Vaseline)
Dosage: Apply as needed.
Frequency: Several times daily.
Route/Site: Topical.
Mechanism of Action: Forms a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss.
Indication: Dry or cracked skin.
Contraindication: Skin infections.
Adverse Reaction: Clogged pores.
35. Hypnotics (Sleep Aids)
Definition: Induces sleep or drowsiness.
Example: Zolpidem (Ambien)
Dosage: 5-10 mg
Frequency: Once daily before bedtime.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Enhances GABA effects, promoting CNS depression.
Indication: Insomnia.
Contraindication: Severe respiratory impairment.
Adverse Reaction: Sleepwalking.
36. Hemostasis Agents (Stops Bleeding)
Definition: Promotes blood clotting to stop bleeding.
Example: Tranexamic Acid (Cyklokapron)
Dosage: 1 g
Frequency: 2-3 times daily for up to 5 days.
Route/Site: Oral or IV.
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits fibrinolysis by blocking plasminogen activation.
Indication: Postoperative bleeding.
Contraindication: Active thromboembolic disease.
Adverse Reaction: Thrombosis.
Hypotensives (Blood Pressure Reducers)
Definition: Lowers high blood pressure.
Example: Amlodipine (Norvasc)
Dosage: 5-10 mg
Frequency: Once daily.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Calcium channel blocker, dilates blood vessels.
Indication: Hypertension.
Contraindication: Severe hypotension.
Adverse Reaction: Peripheral edema.
38. Hypoglycemics (Blood Sugar Reducers)
Definition: Lowers blood glucose levels in diabetes.
Example: Metformin (Glucophage)
Dosage: 500-2,000 mg daily (divided doses).
Frequency: Once or twice daily with meals.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.
Indication: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Contraindication: Renal dysfunction.
Adverse Reaction: Lactic acidosis (rare).
39. Inotropes (Heart Strengtheners)
Example: Digoxin
Dosage: 0.125-0.25 mg
Frequency: Once daily.
Route/Site: Oral or IV.
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium.
Indication: Heart failure, atrial fibrillation.
Contraindication: Ventricular fibrillation.
Adverse Reaction: Arrhythmias.
40. Mydriatics (Pupil Dilators)
Definition: Dilates the pupils.
Example: Tropicamide
Dosage: 1 drop of 1% solution.
Frequency: Single dose before an eye exam.
Route/Site: Topical (eye).
Mechanism of Action: Blocks muscarinic receptors in the iris sphincter muscle.
Indication: Eye examination.
Contraindication: Narrow-angle glaucoma.
Adverse Reaction: Photophobia.
41. Miotics (Pupil Constrictors)
Definition: Constricts the pupils.
Example: Pilocarpine
Dosage: 1-2 drops of 1% solution.
Frequency: 3-4 times daily.
Route/Site: Topical (eye).
Mechanism of Action: Stimulates muscarinic receptors, contracting the iris sphincter muscle.
Indication: Glaucoma.
Contraindication: Acute iritis.
Adverse Reaction: Blurred vision.
42. Sedatives (Calming Agents)
Definition: Reduces irritability and promotes relaxation.
Example: Lorazepam (Ativan)
Dosage: 1-2 mg
Frequency: 1-3 times daily.
Route/Site: Oral
Mechanism of Action: Enhances GABA-A receptor activity.
Indication: Anxiety, preoperative sedation.
Contraindication: Severe respiratory insufficiency.
Adverse Reaction: Dependence.
43. Vasodilators (Vessel Relaxers)
Definition: Widens blood vessels to increase blood flow.
Example: Nitroglycerin
Dosage: 0.3-0.6 mg
Frequency: Every 5 minutes as needed (max 3 doses in 15 minutes).
Route/Site: Sublingual.
Mechanism of Action: Converts to nitric oxide, relaxing vascular smooth muscle.
Indication: Angina.
Contraindication: Concurrent use of PDE-5 inhibitors.
Adverse Reaction: Hypotension.
44. Vasoconstrictors (Vessel Narrowers)
Definition: Narrows blood vessels to increase blood pressure or reduce bleeding.
Example: Epinephrine
Dosage: 0.1-0.5 mg
Frequency: Every 5-15 minutes as needed (for anaphylaxis).
Route/Site: IM (intramuscular).
Mechanism of Action: Stimulates alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors.
Indication: Anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest.
Contraindication: None in life-threatening emergencies.
Adverse Reaction: Palpitations.