Drug Classification

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 4 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/43

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

44 Terms

1
New cards

1. Analgesics (Pain Relievers)

  • Definition: Relieves pain without causing loss of consciousness.

  • Example: Tylenol (Acetaminophen)

    • Dosage: 500 mg

    • Frequency: Every 4-6 hours (Max 4g/day)

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS.

    • Indication: Mild to moderate pain.

    • Contraindication: Severe liver disease.

    • Adverse Reaction: Hepatotoxicity (liver damage).

2
New cards

2. Anesthetics (Pain Blockers)

  • Definition: Causes loss of sensation with or without consciousness.

  • Example: Lidocaine

    • Dosage: 1% solution

    • Frequency: As needed

    • Route/Site: Local infiltration.

    • Mechanism of Action: Blocks sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse conduction.

    • Indication: Local anesthesia for minor procedures.

    • Contraindication: Hypersensitivity to amides.

    • Adverse Reaction: Seizures (rare).

3
New cards

3. Anthelmintics (Parasitic Worm Killers)

  • Definition: Kills or expels parasitic worms from the body.

  • Example: Vermox (Mebendazole)

    • Dosage: 100 mg

    • Frequency: Twice daily for 3 days.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits glucose uptake by helminths, depleting energy stores.

    • Indication: Roundworm or hookworm infections.

    • Contraindication: Pregnancy.

    • Adverse Reaction: Abdominal pain.

4
New cards

4. Antipyretics (Fever Reducers)

  • Definition: Reduces fever.

  • Example: Ibuprofen

    • Dosage: 200 mg

    • Frequency: Every 4-6 hours (Max 1.2g/day).

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis via COX enzymes.

    • Indication: Fever.

    • Contraindication: Active peptic ulcer.

    • Adverse Reaction: GI bleeding.

5
New cards

5. Antidotes (Reversal Agents)

  • Definition: Neutralizes the effects of toxins or overdoses.

  • Example: Naloxone (Narcan)

    • Dosage: 0.4 mg

    • Frequency: As needed (repeated every 2-3 mins if required).

    • Route/Site: Intramuscular/Intravenous.

    • Mechanism of Action: Displaces opioids from their receptors.

    • Indication: Opioid overdose.

    • Contraindication: Hypersensitivity.

    • Adverse Reaction: Acute withdrawal symptoms.

6
New cards

6. Anti-Infectives (Pathogen Fighters)

  • Definition: Treats infections caused by pathogens.

  • Example: Amoxicillin

    • Dosage: 500 mg

    • Frequency: Every 8 hours for 7-10 days.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.

    • Indication: Bacterial infections (e.g., respiratory).

    • Contraindication: Penicillin allergy.

    • Adverse Reaction: Diarrhea.

7
New cards

7. Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners)

  • Definition: Prevents blood clot formation.

  • Example: Warfarin (Coumadin)

    • Dosage: 2-10 mg/day

    • Frequency: Once daily.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

    • Indication: Thromboembolism prevention.

    • Contraindication: Active bleeding.

    • Adverse Reaction: Hemorrhage.

8
New cards

8. Antihistamines (Allergy Relievers)

  • Definition: Blocks histamine action to reduce allergy symptoms.

  • Example: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

    • Dosage: 25-50 mg

    • Frequency: Every 4-6 hours.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: H1 receptor antagonist.

    • Indication: Allergies, urticaria.

    • Contraindication: Narrow-angle glaucoma.

    • Adverse Reaction: Sedation.

9
New cards

9. Antacids (Acid Neutralizers)

  • Definition: Neutralizes stomach acid.

  • Example: Tums (Calcium Carbonate)

    • Dosage: 500 mg

    • Frequency: As needed (max 7,000 mg/day).

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Neutralizes gastric hydrochloric acid.

    • Indication: Heartburn, indigestion.

    • Contraindication: Hypercalcemia.

    • Adverse Reaction: Kidney stones.

10
New cards

10. Anticonvulsants (Seizure Control)

  • Definition: Prevents or treats seizures.

  • Example: Phenytoin (Dilantin)

    • Dosage: 300 mg/day

    • Frequency: Once daily.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Stabilizes neuronal membranes by regulating sodium influx.

    • Indication: Epilepsy.

    • Contraindication: Sinus bradycardia.

    • Adverse Reaction: Gingival hyperplasia.

11
New cards

11. Antibiotics (Bacterial Infection Killers)

  • Definition: Kills or inhibits bacterial growth.

  • Example: Ciprofloxacin

    • Dosage: 500 mg

    • Frequency: Twice daily for 7 days.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase.

    • Indication: UTIs, respiratory infections.

    • Contraindication: Myasthenia gravis.

    • Adverse Reaction: Tendon rupture.

12
New cards

12. Antidiarrhetics (Stops Diarrhea)

  • Definition: Reduces or stops diarrhea.

  • Example: Loperamide (Imodium)

    • Dosage: 2 mg

    • Frequency: After each loose stool (Max 16 mg/day).

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Slows intestinal motility.

    • Indication: Acute diarrhea.

    • Contraindication: Infectious diarrhea.

    • Adverse Reaction: Constipation.

13
New cards

13. Antitussives (Cough Suppressants)

  • Definition: Suppresses coughing.

  • Example: Dextromethorphan

    • Dosage: 10-20 mg

    • Frequency: Every 4 hours (Max 120 mg/day).

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Acts on the cough center in the brain.

    • Indication: Non-productive cough.

    • Contraindication: Asthma (caution).

    • Adverse Reaction: Dizziness.

14
New cards

14. Anti-Asthmatics (Asthma Relievers)

  • Definition: Treats or prevents asthma symptoms.

  • Example: Albuterol (Ventolin)

    • Dosage: 2.5 mg

    • Frequency: Every 4-6 hours as needed.

    • Route/Site: Inhalation.

    • Mechanism of Action: Beta-2 agonist, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.

    • Indication: Acute bronchospasm.

    • Contraindication: Hypersensitivity.

    • Adverse Reaction: Tachycardia.

15
New cards

15. Androgens (Male Hormones)

  • Definition: Synthetic or natural male hormones, primarily testosterone.

  • Example: Testosterone (Androgel)

    • Dosage: 50 mg

    • Frequency: Once daily.

    • Route/Site: Topical (shoulders, upper arms).

    • Mechanism of Action: Binds to androgen receptors to regulate gene expression.

    • Indication: Hypogonadism in males.

    • Contraindication: Prostate cancer.

    • Adverse Reaction: Acne.

16
New cards

16. Antipruritics (Itch Relievers)

  • Definition: Reduces itching.

  • Example: Hydrocortisone cream

    • Dosage: Apply a thin layer.

    • Frequency: 2-4 times daily.

    • Route/Site: Topical (affected area).

    • Mechanism of Action: Reduces inflammation by inhibiting cytokines.

    • Indication: Allergic or inflammatory skin conditions.

    • Contraindication: Skin infections.

    • Adverse Reaction: Skin thinning with prolonged use.

17
New cards

17. Antiphlogistics (Anti-Inflammatories)

  • Definition: Reduces inflammation.

  • Example: Diclofenac (Voltaren)

    • Dosage: 50 mg

    • Frequency: Twice daily.

    • Route/Site: Oral or topical.

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2).

    • Indication: Arthritis, pain, and inflammation.

    • Contraindication: History of GI ulcers.

    • Adverse Reaction: Hypertension.

18
New cards

18. Antiseptics (Infection Preventers)

  • Definition: Prevents microbial growth on living tissue.

  • Example: Chlorhexidine

    • Dosage: 0.12% solution.

    • Frequency: As needed.

    • Route/Site: Topical.

    • Mechanism of Action: Disrupts microbial cell membranes.

    • Indication: Preoperative skin preparation.

    • Contraindication: Open wounds.

    • Adverse Reaction: Skin irritation.

19
New cards

19. Antifungal (Fungus Killers)

  • Definition: Treats fungal infections.

  • Example: Fluconazole (Diflucan)

    • Dosage: 150 mg

    • Frequency: Once weekly (for certain infections).

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits fungal sterol synthesis.

    • Indication: Vaginal candidiasis.

    • Contraindication: Hepatic impairment.

    • Adverse Reaction: Hepatotoxicity.

20
New cards

20. Antispasmodics (Muscle Relaxants)

  • Definition: Relieves smooth muscle spasms.

  • Example: Dicyclomine (Bentyl)

    • Dosage: 20 mg

    • Frequency: 4 times daily.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Anticholinergic, reduces muscle contractions.

    • Indication: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

    • Contraindication: Obstructive GI conditions.

    • Adverse Reaction: Dry mouth.

21
New cards

21. Antiemetics (Prevents Nausea/Vomiting)

  • Definition: Reduces nausea and vomiting.

  • Example: Ondansetron (Zofran)

    • Dosage: 4 mg

    • Frequency: Every 8 hours as needed.

    • Route/Site: Oral or IV.

    • Mechanism of Action: 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.

    • Indication: Postoperative nausea.

    • Contraindication: Long QT syndrome.

    • Adverse Reaction: Constipation.

22
New cards

22. Antitubercular (Tuberculosis Treatments)

  • Definition: Treats tuberculosis infections.

  • Example: Isoniazid

    • Dosage: 300 mg

    • Frequency: Once daily.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.

    • Indication: Active or latent TB.

    • Contraindication: Acute liver disease.

    • Adverse Reaction: Peripheral neuropathy.

23
New cards

23. Antirheumatics (Joint Pain Relievers)

  • Definition: Treats symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.

  • Example: Methotrexate

    • Dosage: 7.5-25 mg weekly.

    • Frequency: Once weekly.

    • Route/Site: Oral or subcutaneous.

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits folate synthesis, suppressing immune activity.

    • Indication: Rheumatoid arthritis.

    • Contraindication: Pregnancy.

    • Adverse Reaction: Bone marrow suppression.

24
New cards

24. Astringents (Tissue Tighteners)

  • Definition: Causes contraction of tissues to reduce irritation.

  • Example: Witch Hazel

    • Dosage: Apply as needed.

    • Frequency: Several times daily.

    • Route/Site: Topical.

    • Mechanism of Action: Reduces local swelling and irritation.

    • Indication: Minor skin irritation.

    • Contraindication: Open wounds.

    • Adverse Reaction: Skin dryness.

25
New cards

Bronchodilators (Airway Openers)

  • Definition: Relaxes airway muscles to improve breathing.

  • Example: Salbutamol (Ventolin)

    • Dosage: 2 puffs (90 mcg per puff)

    • Frequency: Every 4-6 hours as needed.

    • Route/Site: Inhalation.

    • Mechanism of Action: Beta-2 agonist, relaxes bronchial smooth muscles.

    • Indication: Asthma, COPD.

    • Contraindication: Severe tachycardia.

    • Adverse Reaction: Tremors.

26
New cards

26. Coagulants (Clot Promoters)

  • Definition: Promotes blood clotting.

  • Example: Vitamin K1 (Phytonadione)

    • Dosage: 2.5-10 mg

    • Frequency: Once daily or as directed.

    • Route/Site: Oral or subcutaneous.

    • Mechanism of Action: Aids in synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.

    • Indication: Vitamin K deficiency bleeding.

    • Contraindication: Hypersensitivity.

    • Adverse Reaction: Pain at injection site.

27
New cards

27. Carminatives (Gas Relievers)

  • Definition: Relieves flatulence and promotes expulsion of gas.

  • Example: Simethicone (Gas-X)

    • Dosage: 40-125 mg

    • Frequency: After meals and at bedtime.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Reduces surface tension of gas bubbles in the GI tract.

    • Indication: Bloating, gas discomfort.

    • Contraindication: Hypersensitivity.

    • Adverse Reaction: Abdominal cramping (rare).

28
New cards

28. Corticosteroids (Inflammation Suppressors)

  • Definition: Mimics adrenal hormones to reduce inflammation.

  • Example: Prednisone

    • Dosage: 5-60 mg daily (depending on condition).

    • Frequency: Once daily or divided doses.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Suppresses inflammatory and immune responses.

    • Indication: Autoimmune diseases, allergies.

    • Contraindication: Systemic fungal infections.

    • Adverse Reaction: Osteoporosis.

29
New cards

29. Diaphoretics (Sweat Inducer)

  • Definition: Promotes sweating.

  • Example: Pilocarpine

    • Dosage: 5 mg

    • Frequency: Three times daily.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Stimulates muscarinic receptors, increasing sweat production.

    • Indication: Dry mouth (off-label for inducing sweating).

    • Contraindication: Asthma.

    • Adverse Reaction: Excessive sweating.

30
New cards

30. Diuretics (Water Pills)

  • Definition: Increases urine output to reduce fluid retention.

  • Example: Furosemide (Lasix)

    • Dosage: 20-80 mg

    • Frequency: Once or twice daily.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle.

    • Indication: Edema, hypertension.

    • Contraindication: Severe electrolyte depletion.

    • Adverse Reaction: Hypokalemia.

31
New cards

31. Emetics (Induces Vomiting)

  • Definition: Stimulates vomiting to remove ingested toxins.

  • Example: Ipecac Syrup

    • Dosage: 15-30 mL

    • Frequency: Once (single dose).

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Irritates gastric mucosa and stimulates the medullary vomiting center.

    • Indication: Poison ingestion (only when indicated by a professional).

    • Contraindication: Corrosive poison ingestion.

    • Adverse Reaction: Diarrhea.

32
New cards

32. Oxytocics (Labor Inducers)

  • Definition: Stimulates uterine contractions.

  • Example: Oxytocin (Pitocin)

    • Dosage: 1-2 mU/min

    • Frequency: Adjust to contraction response.

    • Route/Site: Intravenous.

    • Mechanism of Action: Binds to oxytocin receptors, inducing uterine contractions.

    • Indication: Labor induction.

    • Contraindication: Cephalopelvic disproportion.

    • Adverse Reaction: Uterine rupture (rare).

33
New cards

33. Expectorants (Cough Mucus Thinners)

  • Definition: Thins mucus to aid expectoration.

  • Example: Guaifenesin (Mucinex)

    • Dosage: 200-400 mg

    • Frequency: Every 4 hours (Max 2.4g/day).

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Reduces viscosity of respiratory secretions.

    • Indication: Productive cough.

    • Contraindication: Persistent cough due to smoking.

    • Adverse Reaction: Rash (rare).

34
New cards

34. Emollients (Skin Softeners)

  • Definition: Moisturizes and softens skin.

  • Example: Petrolatum (Vaseline)

    • Dosage: Apply as needed.

    • Frequency: Several times daily.

    • Route/Site: Topical.

    • Mechanism of Action: Forms a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss.

    • Indication: Dry or cracked skin.

    • Contraindication: Skin infections.

    • Adverse Reaction: Clogged pores.

35
New cards

35. Hypnotics (Sleep Aids)

  • Definition: Induces sleep or drowsiness.

  • Example: Zolpidem (Ambien)

    • Dosage: 5-10 mg

    • Frequency: Once daily before bedtime.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Enhances GABA effects, promoting CNS depression.

    • Indication: Insomnia.

    • Contraindication: Severe respiratory impairment.

    • Adverse Reaction: Sleepwalking.

36
New cards

36. Hemostasis Agents (Stops Bleeding)

  • Definition: Promotes blood clotting to stop bleeding.

  • Example: Tranexamic Acid (Cyklokapron)

    • Dosage: 1 g

    • Frequency: 2-3 times daily for up to 5 days.

    • Route/Site: Oral or IV.

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits fibrinolysis by blocking plasminogen activation.

    • Indication: Postoperative bleeding.

    • Contraindication: Active thromboembolic disease.

    • Adverse Reaction: Thrombosis.

37
New cards

Hypotensives (Blood Pressure Reducers)

  • Definition: Lowers high blood pressure.

  • Example: Amlodipine (Norvasc)

    • Dosage: 5-10 mg

    • Frequency: Once daily.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Calcium channel blocker, dilates blood vessels.

    • Indication: Hypertension.

    • Contraindication: Severe hypotension.

    • Adverse Reaction: Peripheral edema.

38
New cards

38. Hypoglycemics (Blood Sugar Reducers)

  • Definition: Lowers blood glucose levels in diabetes.

  • Example: Metformin (Glucophage)

    • Dosage: 500-2,000 mg daily (divided doses).

    • Frequency: Once or twice daily with meals.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.

    • Indication: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    • Contraindication: Renal dysfunction.

    • Adverse Reaction: Lactic acidosis (rare).

39
New cards

39. Inotropes (Heart Strengtheners)

  • Example: Digoxin

    • Dosage: 0.125-0.25 mg

    • Frequency: Once daily.

    • Route/Site: Oral or IV.

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium.

    • Indication: Heart failure, atrial fibrillation.

    • Contraindication: Ventricular fibrillation.

    • Adverse Reaction: Arrhythmias.

40
New cards

40. Mydriatics (Pupil Dilators)

  • Definition: Dilates the pupils.

  • Example: Tropicamide

    • Dosage: 1 drop of 1% solution.

    • Frequency: Single dose before an eye exam.

    • Route/Site: Topical (eye).

    • Mechanism of Action: Blocks muscarinic receptors in the iris sphincter muscle.

    • Indication: Eye examination.

    • Contraindication: Narrow-angle glaucoma.

    • Adverse Reaction: Photophobia.

41
New cards

41. Miotics (Pupil Constrictors)

  • Definition: Constricts the pupils.

  • Example: Pilocarpine

    • Dosage: 1-2 drops of 1% solution.

    • Frequency: 3-4 times daily.

    • Route/Site: Topical (eye).

    • Mechanism of Action: Stimulates muscarinic receptors, contracting the iris sphincter muscle.

    • Indication: Glaucoma.

    • Contraindication: Acute iritis.

    • Adverse Reaction: Blurred vision.

42
New cards

42. Sedatives (Calming Agents)

  • Definition: Reduces irritability and promotes relaxation.

  • Example: Lorazepam (Ativan)

    • Dosage: 1-2 mg

    • Frequency: 1-3 times daily.

    • Route/Site: Oral

    • Mechanism of Action: Enhances GABA-A receptor activity.

    • Indication: Anxiety, preoperative sedation.

    • Contraindication: Severe respiratory insufficiency.

    • Adverse Reaction: Dependence.

43
New cards

43. Vasodilators (Vessel Relaxers)

  • Definition: Widens blood vessels to increase blood flow.

  • Example: Nitroglycerin

    • Dosage: 0.3-0.6 mg

    • Frequency: Every 5 minutes as needed (max 3 doses in 15 minutes).

    • Route/Site: Sublingual.

    • Mechanism of Action: Converts to nitric oxide, relaxing vascular smooth muscle.

    • Indication: Angina.

    • Contraindication: Concurrent use of PDE-5 inhibitors.

    • Adverse Reaction: Hypotension.

44
New cards

44. Vasoconstrictors (Vessel Narrowers)

  • Definition: Narrows blood vessels to increase blood pressure or reduce bleeding.

  • Example: Epinephrine

    • Dosage: 0.1-0.5 mg

    • Frequency: Every 5-15 minutes as needed (for anaphylaxis).

    • Route/Site: IM (intramuscular).

    • Mechanism of Action: Stimulates alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors.

    • Indication: Anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest.

    • Contraindication: None in life-threatening emergencies.

    • Adverse Reaction: Palpitations.